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Chapter 3
The Chemistry of Life
38
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
09/07/2013

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Term
What are the four attributes of living organisms?
Definition
(1) Growth
(2) Response to Stimulus
(3) Metabolism
(4) Replication
Term
Are viruses living organisms?
Definition
NO
Term
What attributes of living organisms do viruses lack?
Definition
(1) Growth (Viruses assemble but they do not grow.)
(2) Metabolism
(3) Stimulus Response
Term
What are the components of polymers?
Definition
Monomers
Term
What determins the polarity of biopolymers?
Definition
Chemical connectivity
Term
What are the percentages of the total number of atoms in the human body for the
elements H, O, C, and N?
Definition
H : ~ 60%
O : ~ 30%
C : ~ 10%
N : ~ 1%
Term
What are the bond dissociation energies for the C–H, C–C, C–N, C–O, and C=C
bonds in kJ/mol or kcal/mol?
Definition
C–H : 414 kJ/mol, 99 kcal/mol
C–C : 343 kJ/mol, 82 kcal/mol
C–N : 292 kJ/mol, 70 kcal/mol
C–O : 351 kJ/mol, 84 kcal/mol
C=C : 615 kJ/mol, 147 kcal/mol
Term
What feature does carbon’s bond geometry confer upon the topology of organic compounds?
Definition
Organic compounds may branch in three dimensions.
Term
What are the strengths of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic
interactions.
Definition
van der Waals interactions : 0.4-4 kJ/mol, 0.1-1.0 kcal/mol
Hydrogen bonds : 12-30 kJ/mol, 3-7 kcal/mol
Ionic interactions : 20 kJ/mol, 5 kcal/mol
Term
What are the van der Waals radii of the elements H and C?
Definition
H : 0.1nm = 1Å
C : 0.17nm = 1.7Å
Term
What are the covalent radii for the elements H, C, N, and O?
Definition
H : 0.037 nm = 0.37 Å
C : 0.077 nm = 0.77 Å
N : 0.070 nm = 0.70 Å
O : 0.066 nm = 0.66 Å
Term
Sketch a graph of the potential energy of two close atoms (minimum detail).
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the typical distance of an H bond?
Definition
 0.29nm = 2.9Å
Term
What is the distance of the N–H- - -O H bond?
Definition
 0.30nm = 3.0Å
Term
What is the importance of the N–H- - -O H bond?
Definition
It is the predominant type of H bond found in protein structure.
Term
Sketch the hydrogen bond geometries of the (1) carboxyl hydroxyl, (2) secondary
amine, (3) carbonyl, (4) phosphoester functional groups.
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the approximate molecular weights, in Daltons, of (1) metabolic precursors,
(2) metabolites, (3) amino acids, (4) nucleotides, and (5) lysozyme (a small protein)?
Definition
(1) precursors : ~20 to ~70 Da
(2) metabolites : ~50 to ~250 Da
(3) amino acids : ~80 to ~200 Da
(4) nucleotides : ~330 Da
(5) lysozyme : ~14,000 Da
Term
What are the time scales, in seconds, of (1) enzyme catalysis, (2) diffusion in membranes,
and (3) protein synthesis?
Definition
(1) enzyme catalysis : ~10^−6 to ~1 s
(2) diffusion in membranes : ~1 s
(3)protein synthesis : ~10^1 to ~10^2 s
Term
replicate
Definition
make a copy; make an exact copy
Term
virus
Definition
infectious genetic elements enclosed in a protein coat
Term
metabolism
Definition
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain
life
Term
metabolite
Definition
a substance necessary for metabolism
Term
biomolecule
Definition
a molecule that is involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of
living organisms
Term
cell membrane/ Plasma membrane
Definition
lipid bilayer surrounding a cell, separating the cell contents from the
outside environment
Term
organelle
Definition
organized or specialized structures within a living cell, usually surrounded by
a membrane
Term
cell nucleus
Definition
a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the
genetic material
Term
macromolecule
Definition
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms; in biology, typically
a protein or nucleic acid
Term
conformation
Definition
any of the spatial arrangements that the atoms in a molecule may adopt
and freely convert between, especially by rotation about individual single bonds
Term
complex
Definition
the object formed by a group of interacting molecules
Term
supramolecular complex
Definition
the object formed by a group of interacting macromolecules
Term
polymer
Definition
a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a
large number of similar units bonded together
Term
prokaryote
Definition
single-celled organisms that lack cell nuclei and other organelles
Term
eukaryote
Definition
single- or multi-celled organisms with cells that have cell nuclei and other
organelles
Term
nucleoid
Definition
an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or
most of the genetic material
Term
gene
Definition
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine
some characteristic of the offspring
Term
chromosome
Definition
an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells; it is a single
piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide
sequences containing protein, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Term
genome
Definition
the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
Term
van der Waals force
Definition
sum of attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or parts of
molecules other than those forces due to covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, or electrostatic
interaction
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