Term
| Which of the following statements would probably not be made by an adherent of the Classical School? |
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Definition
| I believe that forces beyond a person's control can affect his or her choice of criminal or noncriminal behavior |
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| Mores, folkways, and laws were terms used by |
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| An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a _____ of his or her social group. |
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| _________ are time-honored customs that are preferred but which do not threaten the survival of the social group if they are violated. |
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| Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offense? |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is not a mala prohibita crime? |
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| Which of the following goals of punishment was emphasized by the Code of Hammurabi? |
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| Early Roman law derived from the |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ was written around 450 b.c. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following topics would be dealt with in the public law of the Justinian Code? |
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Definition
| The organization of the Roman state |
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Term
| Which of the following was not one of the legal documents contained in the Justinian Code? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Justinian Code was based on |
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Term
| In which year was the Magna Carta signed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following works was written by Thomas Hobbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following works was written by John Locke? |
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Definition
| Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
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Term
| The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is ascribed to |
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Definition
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Term
| John Locke's concept of checks and balances between divisions of government was elaborated on by |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following works was written by Montesquieu? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following was not a significant Enlightenment thinker? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following works was written by Thomas Paine? |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a concept that suggests that certain immutable laws are fundamental to human nature and can be ascertained through reason. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following was not one of the three types of crimes outlined by Beccaria? |
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Definition
| Crimes that involved no victims other than society |
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Term
| According to Beccaria, which of the following crimes should be punished by a fine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What punishment would Beccaria impose for the crime of inciting a revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Beccaria, ______ proof exists when some possibility of innocence remains. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following was influenced by Beccaria's ideas? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bentham, ________ punishment included starvation and whipping. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following categories of punishment might include the loss of the right to vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| An offender who is sentenced to pay a fine falls into the category of ______ punishment, according to Bentham. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ punishment includes ordering an offender to make restitution. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Panopticon was designed by |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the __________ principle of the Classical School, humans have free will. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle of _______ is not one of the five fundamental principles of the Classical School. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nothing works doctrine was based on the work of |
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Definition
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Term
| The argument that crime is not a result of poverty or social conditions and therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by |
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Definition
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Term
| The justice model was developed by |
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Definition
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Term
| The variety of rational choice theory that builds on an emerging emphasis on victimization is known as |
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Definition
| routine activities theory |
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Term
| Routine activities theory was developed by |
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Definition
| Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson |
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Term
| According to routine activities theory, which of the following is not necessary for a crime to occur? |
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Definition
| The presence of a defensible victim |
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Term
| The situational choice perspective was developed by |
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Definition
| Ronald Clarke and Derek Cornish |
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Term
| Rational choice theory emphasizes primarily |
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Definition
| rationality and cognition |
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Term
| Which of the following is not one of the five objectives of situational crime prevention? |
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Definition
| Reducing the risks associated with crime commission |
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Term
| The use of an immobilizer such as The Club on your car is an example of the _________ technique of situational crime prevention. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following techniques falls into the situational crime control category of reducing the rewards? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following techniques does not fall into the situational crime control category of removing excuses? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Seductions of Crime was written by |
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Definition
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Term
| Rational choice theories have been criticized for |
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Definition
| an overemphasis on individual choice |
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Term
| Which of the following would a rational choice theorist be most likely to consider a likely factor in crime causation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Those who advocate __________see the primary utility of punishment as revenge. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Biblical injunction of "an eye for an eye" represents the concept of |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to modern-day advocates of general deterrence, which of the following is not required for punishment to be an effective impediment to crime? |
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Definition
| The punishment must be harsh |
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Term
| Recidivism rates in the United States reach levels of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not an argument put forward by opponents of capital punishment? |
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Definition
| Individuals who commit particularly heinous acts deserve death |
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Term
| Which of the following was not a finding of the Texas Defender Service's study of death penalty decisions in Texas? |
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Definition
| The majority of defendants facing capital charges in federal courts are black |
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Term
| In 2000, the governor of ________, George Ryan, suspended all executions in the state. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of Lawrence Sherman's four paradigms of justice assumes the offender is rational but the justice system is emotional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of Lawrence Sherman's paradigms of justice most closely mirrors the principles of classical and neoclassical thought? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ controls crime by imprisoning specific individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research by __________ found that a small number of chronic recidivists were responsible for a large majority of serious violent crime. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of Lawrence Sherman's paradigms of justice results from the combination of an emotional offender and an emotional society? |
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