receptor potential

physical energy ( Δ → electrical chemical impulses) send to sensory nerve send to brain

body adapts to things 

e.g. wearing clothes or a ring

smallest possible strength you recognize

50% of the time

(3)

Daylights, green, blue, fine detail

 The unpleasant sensation of physical discomfort or suffering that can occur in varying degrees of intensity.

depending on how the brain interprets the pain experience,it regulates pain by sending signals down the spinal cord that either open or close pain “gates,” or pathways. If, because of psychological, social, or situational factors, the brain signals the gates to open, pain is experienced or intensified. If for any of the same reasons the brain signals the gates to close, pain is reduced.

Sensory receptors are distributed unevenly among different areas of the body, which is why sensitivity to touch and temperature varies from one area of the body to another. Your hands, face, and lips, for example, are much more sensitive to touch than are your back, arms, and legs. That’s because your hands, face, and lips are much more densely packed with sensory receptors.

Psychological factors can also influence the release of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers. Endorphins and enkephalins are produced in the brain and spinal cord. They are released as part of the body’s overall response to physical pain or stress. In the brain and spinal cord, endorphins and enkephalins inhibit the transmission of pain signals, including the release of substance P.

The senses of smell and taste are closely linked. If you’ve ever temporarily lost your sense of smell because of a bad cold, you’ve probably noticed that your sense of taste was also disrupted. Even a hot fudge sundae tastes bland.

Smell and taste are linked in other ways, too. Unlike vision and hearing,which involve sensitivity to different forms of energy, the sensory receptors for taste and smell are specialized to respond to different types of chemicalsubstances. That’s why smell, or olfaction, and taste, or gustation, are sometimes called the “chemical senses”

The senses of smell and taste are closely linked. If you’ve ever temporarily lost your sense of smell because of a bad cold, you’ve probably noticed that your sense of taste was also disrupted. Even a hot fudge sundae tastes bland.

Smell and taste are linked in other ways, too. Unlike vision and hearing,which involve sensitivity to different forms of energy, the sensory receptors for taste and smell are specialized to respond to different types of chemicalsubstances. That’s why smell, or olfaction, and taste, or gustation, are sometimes called the “chemical senses”

The law of proximity is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as a single unit.

The law of similarity is the tendency to perceive objects of a similar size, shape, or color as a unit or figure.

(Grouping)

The law of closure is the tendency to fill in the gaps in an incomplete image. 

The law of good continuation is the tendency to group elements that appear to follow in the same direction as a single unit or figure.

(shape in continuous movement)

As you view the world some objects stand out from the background

When we view a scene, we automatically separate the elements of that scene into the figure, which is the main element of the scene, and the ground, which is its background.

Real vs. Apparent Motion

???

motion perceived by a subject, especially the illusion ofmovement produced when stationary stimuli, as pictures orlights, are presented in rapid succession and are sometimes inslightly different positions.

Distance or depth cues that require the use of both eyes.

Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone.

One binocular cue is convergence—the degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on an object. The more the eyes converge, or rotate inward, to focus on an object, the greater the strength of the muscle signals and the closer the object is perceived to be.

Another binocular distance cue is binocular disparity. Because our eys are set a couple of inches apart, a slightly different image of an object is cast on the retina of each eye. When the two retinal images are very different, we interpret the object as being close by. When the two retinal images are more nearly identical, the object is perceived as being farther away.

Relative size. If two or more objects are assumed to be similar in size, the object that appears larger is perceived as being closer.

GUESS WHAT

You're beautiful kay :)

Texture gradient. As a surface with a distinct texture extends into the distance, the details of the surface texture gradually become less clearly defined. The texture of the surface seems to undergo a gradient, or continuous pattern of change, from crisp and distinct when close to fuzzy and blended when farther away.

The detection of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness; nonconscious perception.

The detection of stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness; nonconscious perception.

The perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina.

 Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the observer’s knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to the parts; also called conceptually driven processing

Information processing that emphasizes the importance of the sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern; analysis that moves from the parts to the whole; also called data-driven processing

The hair-like sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea.

The coiled, fluid-filled inner-ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells.

The membrane within the cochlea of the ear that contains the hair cells.

 The theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light (long wavelengths), green light (medium wavelengths), or blue light (short wavelengths).

The theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red–green, blue–yellow, and black–white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited.

 The intensity or amount of energy of a wave, reflected in the height of the wave; the amplitude of a sound wave determines a sound’s loudness.

The unit of measurement for loudness

The relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave.

The view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave.

action potentials are fixed at the same fire rate

low frequency

The view that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane. 

particular locations on the basilar membrane cause certain pitches

(explains high frequency sounds)

The thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual information to the visual cortex in the brain.

Point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

One of several inherited forms of color deficiency or weakness in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors.

The perceived intensity of a color, which corresponds to the amplitude of the light wave.

The property of wavelengths of light known as color; different wavelengths correspond to our subjective experience of different colors.

The distance from one wave peak to another.

A visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present.

Tempanic Membrane

(eardrum)

A tightly stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when hit by sound waves.

The auditory nerve carries information to the thalamus andauditory cortex in the brain.

If the tiny bones of the middle ear are damaged or become brittle,as they sometimes do in old age, conduction deafness may result. Conductiondeafness can be helped by a hearing aid, which amplifies sounds.

Damage to the hair cells or auditory nerve can result in nerve deafness, which cannot be helped by a hearing aid. Exposure to loud noise can cause nerve deafness