Term
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Definition
| 1. Excrete metabolic wastes 2. Regulate acid-base balance 3. Secrete hormones 4. Convert vitamin D to a usable form 5. Regulate blood volume 6. Regulate serum osmolarity |
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Term
| What metabolic wastes do the kidneys excrete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| End product of protein metabolism |
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Term
| How do kidneys regulate acid-base balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones do kidneys secrete? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do kidneys regulate serum osmolarity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone helps kidneys regulate serum osmolarity? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| What is the outer part of the kidney called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cortex contain? |
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Definition
Glomeruli
Majority of proximal tubules
Some segments distal tubles |
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Term
| What is the inner kidney called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Loop of Henle
Collecting ducts |
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Term
| What do the calyces receive urine from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nephron are per kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of nephrons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the major type of nephron? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where do cortical nephrons extend to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does concentration of urine occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a nephron consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is glomerulus located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the glomerulus loop into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the glomerular filtration membrane? |
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Definition
| Filters blood through 3 layers |
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Term
| What forms primary urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does renal tubule reabsorb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does renal tubule secrete? |
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Definition
| unwanted components into tubular fluid |
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Term
| What does renal tubule regulate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are structures of the renal tubule? |
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Definition
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct |
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Term
| What are 2 types of cells in distal tubule? |
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Definition
Principal cells
Intercalated cells |
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Term
| What do principal cells reabsorb? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do principal cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What to intercalated cells reabsorb? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do intercalated cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 arteries that are involved with kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of arterioles are involved with kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of capillaries are involved with kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only blood supply to medulla of kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vein that supplies the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 urinary structures? |
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Definition
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra |
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Term
| What connects kidney to urinary bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What brings urine out of body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where do ureters receive urine from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle bundles are ureters? |
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Definition
| Long, interwining muscle bundles |
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Term
| What activity moves urine along the ureters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the lower end of the ureter pass through? |
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Definition
| Posterior wall of bladdewr |
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Term
| What is another term for urination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during urination? |
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Definition
| Contraction of the bladder |
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Term
| What happens to prevent reflux of urine? |
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Definition
| Compression of lower end of ureter |
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Term
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Definition
| Bag of smooth muscle fibers |
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Term
| What does the bladder form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What types of cells compose the bladder? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What orifices does the trigone correspond with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are 2 types of urethra sphincters? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the the urethra contain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long is the female urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the male urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system controls the urologic system? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| How much urine stimulates the micturition reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bladder and internal urethral sphincter are innervated by the? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| How much blood per minute do the kidneys receive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive per minute? |
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Definition
| 20-25% (this is a significantly lg. portion of the blood) |
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Term
| How much blood is renal plasma flow (RPF)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
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Definition
| Filtration of plasma into the Bowman space |
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Term
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Definition
| Approx 20% of RPF or 120-140 ml/min |
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Term
| What is GFR directly related to? |
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Definition
| Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| What perfusion pressure do we need to provide constant GFR? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what 3 systems work together to regulate renal blood flow (RBF)? |
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Definition
1.Autoregulation(tubuloglomarular feedback)
2. Neural regulation(sympathetic)
3. Hormonal (renin -angiotensin) |
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Term
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Definition
| tubuloglomarular feedback system that occurs in the glomerulus and the renal tubule |
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Term
| autoregulation is sensitive to what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the neural regulation is parasympathetic or sympathetic? |
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Definition
| sympathetic-there is NO parasympathetic innervation |
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Term
| What hormonal system regulates RBF? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| TQ>>>>What does the renin-angiotensin system do for renal blood flow? |
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Definition
| increases systemic arterial pressure which changes RBF (renal blood flow) |
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Term
| Renin is released in response to? |
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Definition
| Decrease in Na+ concentration (A decrease in NA concentration in the distal tubule stimulates the release of renin) |
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Term
| What does a decrease in BP cause? |
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Definition
| A decrease in blood pressure is sensed by the juxtaglomerular cells and stimulates release of renin |
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Term
| A reduced juxtaglomerular stretch is detected with hypotension and stimulates? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| Movement of protein free plasma |
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Term
| what artery feeds the kidney |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is a risk factor for impared renal function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| does the right or left kidney sit lower in the body? |
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Definition
| Right-due to the placement of the liver and the lung |
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Term
| in the kidneys renin controls what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the blood test BUN signify/represent? |
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Definition
| the break down of amino acids |
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Term
| what happens if we do not maintain 80-180 mmHg perfusion press. to provide constant GFR? |
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Definition
| kidneys will not function properly |
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Term
| the glomarular cappillary pressure opposes or favors glomarular filtration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the oncotic pressure opposes or favors glomarular filtration? |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the forces favoring filtration in the glomarulus is what? |
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Definition
| capillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| the movement of fluid/solute from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries is? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how much of the glomarular filtrate is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what three things happen during tubular transport? |
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Definition
tubular reabsorbtion
tubular secretion
excretion |
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Term
| the transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries to tubular lumen is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| excretion in the tubules is what? |
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Definition
| elimination of fluids/substances in final urine |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the kidnesy to filter a substance and excrete it in the urine |
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Term
| renal clearance reflects what things |
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Definition
1. GFR (glomarular filtration rate)
2. Tubular reabsorbtion
3. Tubualar Secretion |
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|
Term
| countercurrent exchange system occurs where |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the countercurrent exchange system contributes to production of concentrated or unconcentrated urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| the longer the loop in the loop of henly the greater or less of the concentration gradient? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| fluid flows parrallel or opposite directions through the parallel tubes in the loop of henley |
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Definition
|
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Term
| fluid moves how down the parallel limbs of hte loop of Henle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary function of the Loop of Henle is to ? |
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Definition
| establish a hyperosmotic state within the medullary interstitial fluid |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone is secreted for the ? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what other hormone is secreted from the post. pituitary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does ADH do in relation to the kidneys? |
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Definition
| increases permieability and reabsorbtion in distal tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| Aldosterone is synthesized and secreted by the ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| aldosterone is regulated by what system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does aldosterone do? |
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Definition
| stimulates epithelial cell of distal tubule and collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ and water |
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Term
| where are the Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted? |
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Definition
| secreted by the right atria cells with increased pressure |
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Term
| atrial natriuric peptide inhibits secretion of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Urodilantin is produced where |
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Definition
| produced by the distal tubule and collecting ducts |
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Term
| urodilantin is released when? |
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Definition
| when there is an increase in circulating volume or BP |
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|
Term
| Urodilantin does what once it is secreted? |
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Definition
| inhibits Na+ and water reabsorbtion |
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|
Term
| hypocalcemia causes _____phospatemia |
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Definition
| hypocalcemia=hyperphospatemia |
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|
Term
| hypercalcemia causes____phosphatemia |
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Definition
| hypercalcemia=hypophosphatemia |
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Term
| what vitamin is required for absorbtion of calcium and phospate by the small intestine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is found in many forms, and needs activation by what two organs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| if we have decreased calcium it stimulates what hormone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| renal patients have deficiency in what vitamin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if patient has vitamin d deficiency they therefor have problems with balancing what 2 things? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| erythropoietin stimulates __________ to produce______ with hypoxia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| renal patients are at risk of what? |
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Definition
| anemia of chronic renal failure |
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|
Term
| what is the major constitute of urine along with water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
what % of urea is reabsorbed?
what % of urea is excreted in the urine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sediments found in urine that are measured in a urinalysis (U/A)? |
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Definition
| RBC's, casts, crystals, WBC's |
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Term
| before do a procedure with contrast dye should measure what for a patient? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when testing GFR what must we know? |
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Definition
1.provides estimate of renal function
2.requires a blood test and 24 hr. urine sample
3.creatine clearance is commonly used as measurement but slightly overestimates GFR |
|
|
Term
| what test is used to monitor chronic renal disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other blood test can be used to measure renal function other than creatine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is normal level for BUN? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| BUN increases with an decrease in what? |
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Definition
| GFR(glomarular filtration rate)-acute and chronic renal failure, dehydration |
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