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| A distinguishing feature of chordates, runs lengthwise just beneath embryo's dorsal surface; in vertebrates, differentiates into brain and spinal cord |
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| In chordates, a dorsal rod of cartilage that runs the length of the body and forms primitive axial skeleton in the embryos of all chordates |
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| A distinguishing feature of chordates; a group of openings on each side of the anterior region that form a passageway from the pharynx/esophagus to external environment |
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| In chordates, embryonic regions that become pharyngeal slits in aquatic and marine chordates/vertebrates, but do not develop openings to the outside in terrestrial vertebrates |
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| Muscular structure lying posterior to the mouth in many animals; aids in propelling food into the digestive tract |
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| Also called Lancelets, a primitive chordate |
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| A tough, outer covering over the body of ascidians |
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| "Craniata;" a proposed clade of chordates that includes all animals with a skull |
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| Central portion of the vertebra, which, in earlier vertebrates, was taken up by notochord |
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| A clade of vertebrates possessing 4 legs bearing toes |
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| A clade of vertebrates including all cartilaginous fish |
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| Armored, prehistoric fish known from fossils dating from the late Silurian to the end of the Devonian Period |
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| Organ encountered only in bony fish; helps regulate buoyancy by increasing or decreasing the amount of gas in the bladder via esophagus or a specialized network of capillaries |
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| The vessel that carries newly oxygenated blood to heart from lungs |
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| 4-legged terrestrial reptiles from Permian and Triassic periods; clade from which ancestral mammals emerged |
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| An egg isolated and protected from environment by a more or less impervious shell during its development; is completely self-sufficient, requiring only oxygen |
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| Outer member of the double-membrane that surrounds the embryo of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in placental mammals, it contributes to the structure of the placenta |
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| Innermost of the extraembryonic membranes; amnion forms a fluid-filled sac around embryo in amniotic eggs |
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| Membrane of the amniotic egg that functions in respiration/excretion in birds and reptiles; plays important role in development of placenta in most mammals |
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| Vertebrates that produce eggs surrounded by 4 membranes, 1 of which is the amnion; amniote groups are the reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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| Animals that have the ability to maintain a constant body temperature over a wide range of environmental conditions. |
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| Animals that rely on an outside source of heat. |
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| In mammals, a tissue formed in part from the inner lining of the uterus, and in part from other membranes through which the embryo is nourished while in the uterus, and through which wastes are carried away |
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| The ventral ouch in certain Isopoda and Amphipoda used for carrying eggs and young |
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| The early hominid group that lived in South Africa between 4.5 and 1 mya |
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| Considered the first primate to use any significant tool and to walk upright |
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| A species of the Homo genus |
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| Modern humans; first appeared in the fossil record during later part of the Pleistocene around 35,000 BC |
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| Mammals without distinct types of teeth |
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| Walking upright on 2 feet |
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