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Chapter 3
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102
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/11/2008

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Term
Organic molecules are associated with
Definition
living organisms
Term
They always contain
Definition
Carbon ( C ) and Hydrogen (H).
Term
Carbon needs to make
Definition
four bonds.
Term
Carbon can bond to other carbons or other elements such as
Definition
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Term
Carbon can form
Definition
long or branched chains or ring structures.
Term
The way bonding occurs determines ____________ of the molecule.
Definition
the geometry and overall shape
Term
Isomers are molecules with
Definition
the same number and kind of atoms but differ in the structural arrangement of atoms.
Term
Functional groups determine
Definition
the properties of the organic compounds.
Term
Functional Groups are the ones that
Definition
directly participate in chemical reactions
Term
Examples of functional groups include:
Definition
OH-, C=O, COOH, NH2
Term
OH-
Definition
Alcohol
Term
C=O
Definition
Aldehydes and Keytones
Term
COOH
Definition
Acids
Term
NH2–
Definition
Amines
Term
All of these functional groups are
Definition
polar
Term
Functional Groups can form
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
A monomer is a ______; Give an example
Definition
simple, single unit of biological molecules Example: One molecule of glucose
Term
Polymers form when
Definition
monomers are attached to each other in long chains
Term
Give an example of a polymer
Definition
Starch is a polymer of glucose
Term
What is a Dehydration reaction?
Definition
Molecules synthesized by loss of water.
Term
Give an example of Dehydration reaction
Definition
Amino acids are attached to each other by dehydration reaction to form proteins
Term
What is a Hydrolysis reaction?
Definition
Addition of water to break down a large molecule, Water is added when starch is broken down to glucose molecules.
Term
What are Carbohydrates made up of?
Definition
Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Term
Carbohydrates supply
Definition
quick short term energy
Term
Carbohydrates play structural roles as
Definition
polymers.
Term
Give an example of a carbohydrates
Definition
Cellulose found in plants
Term
Monosaccharides are
Definition
the simplest carbohydrates.
Term
Monosaccharides contain ____ to ____ carbons
Definition
3 to 7
Term
Give 2 examples of carbohydrates:
Definition
Fructose (sugar found in fruits) Galactose (found in milk)
Term
They all have the formula
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
Fructose & Galactose are
Definition
isomers of each other.
Term
Glucose is
Definition
the primary energy source for the cells
Term
Disaccharides have two _______ _______ joined together by
Definition
simple sugars; dehydration
Term
Maltose has two
Definition
glucose molecules.
Term
Sucrose (table sugar) is made up of
Definition
glucose and fructose.
Term
Polysaccharides contain
Definition
long chains of sugars attached to each other
Term
Give 3 examples of Carbohydrates
Definition
Starch is a polymer of sugar found in PLANTS; Glycogen is a polymer of sugar found in ANIMALS; Cellulose is a polymer found in PLANT CELL WALLS (it gives strength) Humans cannot digest it (called fiber)
Term
Most ______________ substances in living organisms are lipids
Definition
non-polar (non-water soluble)
Term
Lipids include
Definition
fats
Term
Functions of lipids include
Definition
1. Long time energy storage 2. Insulation against heat loss 3. Cushion organs
Term
Lipids are mostly made up of _______ & ______ with very little _________
Definition
Carbon and Hydrogen ; oxygen.
Term
Fats are polymers of ______ and _______
Definition
fatty acids and glycerol
Term
Triglycerides contain 3 ________ ________ to 1 ________
Definition
fatty acids; glycerol.
Term
Saturated fats have no
Definition
double bonds between carbons.
Term
________ fats such as Lard, shortening are ____________ fats.
Definition
Solid; saturated
Term
Most animal fats are
Definition
saturated.
Term
Unsaturated fats contain
Definition
double bonds.
Term
They are liquid at
Definition
room temperature.
Term
Most plant fats are
Definition
unsaturated
Term
Safflower and olive oils are
Definition
polyunsaturated (many double bonds)
Term
Margarine is
Definition
hydrogenated liquid oil (double bonds are removed by adding hydrogen atoms).
Term
Example of trans fats
Definition
(can cause arteriosclerosis (formation of plaques in arteries)).
Term
Phospholipids are
Definition
a major component of cell membranes.
Term
Waxes are
Definition
hydrophobic coating formed by many organisms to ward off water
Term
Consist of fatty acids linked to
Definition
alcohols
Term
Give two examples of wax
Definition
Bees wax; human ear wax
Term
Steroids are
Definition
lipids with a ring structure.
Term
Cholesterol is an important steroid
Definition
found in animals.
Term
Some hormones such as ________(regulates sodium in blood) and __________ (male sex hormone) are steroids.
Definition
aldosterone; testosterone
Term
Cholesterol is the starting material for
Definition
synthesis of male and female sex hormones.
Term
_________ _________ help build up muscles in teens but cause many problems including
Definition
Anabolic steroids; Testicular Atrophy, Liver cancer, Breast development in males, Masculinization of females
Term
Their structure of proteins determines
Definition
their function.
Term
What is the first class of proteins?
Definition
1. Structural (hair, cytoskeleton of cells)
Term
What is the second class of proteins?
Definition
2. Contractile (produce movement in muscles)
Term
What is the third class of proteins?
Definition
3. Storage (source of amino acids such as egg white)
Term
What is the fourth class of proteins?
Definition
4. Defense (antibodies)
Term
What is the fifth class of proteins?
Definition
5. Transport (hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood cells)
Term
What is the sixth class of proteins?
Definition
6. Signaling (hormones)
Term
What is the seventh class of proteins?
Definition
7. Catalysts or enzymes (speed up reactions)
Term
Proteins are made up of ______ amino acids
Definition
20
Term
Amino acids have the back bone of
Definition
NH2-CH-COOH
Term
A second group is attached to the middle carbon called the
Definition
R group.
Term
R group is different
Definition
for each amino acid.
Term
For glycine, The R group is just a
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
In a protein, amino acids are linked together by a
Definition
peptide bond.
Term
They form these bonds by
Definition
dehydration synthesis.
Term
__________ group of one amino acid reacts with the _______ group of another amino acid forming a ____________ ___________(a H2O molecule released in the process).
Definition
COOH; NH2; peptide bond
Term
A protein’s ________ ________ determines its function
Definition
specific shape
Term
Each collection of amino acids fold in ________ _______ to form __________ _______
Definition
different ways; different shapes.
Term
There are _________ levels of structure in proteins
Definition
four
Term
What is the first level of structure in proteins and what does it mean?
Definition
1. Primary structure: The amino acid sequence of the protein
Term
Each amino acid is represented by a ________ letter abbreviation.
Definition
3
Term
Give an example
Definition
Leu (Leucine)
Term
A ______ ________ in amino acid sequence can change the ________ of the protein and its ability to function
Definition
single change; shape
Term
In ______ _____ _______ there is only a single change in amino acid sequence of ________
Definition
hemoglobin; Sickle Cell Anemia
Term
What is the second level of structure in proteins and what does it mean?
Definition
Secondary structure: Polypeptide coiling or folding because of hydrogen bonding.
Term
When does Hydrogen bonding occur?
Definition
It occurs between -NH and C=O groups of amino acids.
Term
What are 2 shapes of Protein?
Definition
1. Alpha Helix 2. Pleated Sheet
Term
What is the third level of structure in proteins and what is its function?
Definition
Tertiary Structure
Term
The overall shape of a polypeptide results from __________ R groups come together and _________ R groups come together.
Definition
hydrophobic; hydrophilic
Term
There is some hydrogen bonding between
Definition
R groups.
Term
What is the fourth level of structure in proteins and what does it mean?
Definition
Quaternary structure: If a protein has more than one polypeptide, the relationship between different polypeptides form a quaternary structure.
Term
Quaternary structure results from
Definition
hydrogen bonding between different polypeptides
Term
What is denaturation?
Definition
When a protein loses its secondary and tertiary structure, it called denaturation.
Term
What are the factors that cause denaturation?
Definition
High heat, Very low pH, Very high pH
Term
Nucleic Acids carry the __________ information
Definition
hereditary
Term
Nucleic acids are polymers of __________ (one unit of nucleic acids)
Definition
nucleotides
Term
DNA has a double strand in the form of a
Definition
double helix
Term
Two strands of the double helix are held together by
Definition
hydrogen bonds.
Term
RNA is
Definition
single stranded
Term
It can be wrapped around itself such as
Definition
transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA
Term
It can remain unbound such as in
Definition
messenger RNA.
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