Term
| Organic molecules are associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon ( C ) and Hydrogen (H). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon can bond to other carbons or other elements such as |
|
Definition
| hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long or branched chains or ring structures. |
|
|
Term
| The way bonding occurs determines ____________ of the molecule. |
|
Definition
| the geometry and overall shape |
|
|
Term
| Isomers are molecules with |
|
Definition
| the same number and kind of atoms but differ in the structural arrangement of atoms. |
|
|
Term
| Functional groups determine |
|
Definition
| the properties of the organic compounds. |
|
|
Term
| Functional Groups are the ones that |
|
Definition
| directly participate in chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| Examples of functional groups include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of these functional groups are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional Groups can form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A monomer is a ______; Give an example |
|
Definition
| simple, single unit of biological molecules Example: One molecule of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monomers are attached to each other in long chains |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a polymer |
|
Definition
| Starch is a polymer of glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is a Dehydration reaction? |
|
Definition
| Molecules synthesized by loss of water. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of Dehydration reaction |
|
Definition
| Amino acids are attached to each other by dehydration reaction to form proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is a Hydrolysis reaction? |
|
Definition
| Addition of water to break down a large molecule, Water is added when starch is broken down to glucose molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What are Carbohydrates made up of? |
|
Definition
| Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates play structural roles as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Cellulose found in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simplest carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides contain ____ to ____ carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of carbohydrates: |
|
Definition
| Fructose (sugar found in fruits) Galactose (found in milk) |
|
|
Term
| They all have the formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the primary energy source for the cells |
|
|
Term
| Disaccharides have two _______ _______ joined together by |
|
Definition
| simple sugars; dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucrose (table sugar) is made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chains of sugars attached to each other |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of Carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Starch is a polymer of sugar found in PLANTS; Glycogen is a polymer of sugar found in ANIMALS; Cellulose is a polymer found in PLANT CELL WALLS (it gives strength) Humans cannot digest it (called fiber) |
|
|
Term
| Most ______________ substances in living organisms are lipids |
|
Definition
| non-polar (non-water soluble) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of lipids include |
|
Definition
| 1. Long time energy storage 2. Insulation against heat loss 3. Cushion organs |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are mostly made up of _______ & ______ with very little _________ |
|
Definition
| Carbon and Hydrogen ; oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| Fats are polymers of ______ and _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides contain 3 ________ ________ to 1 ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double bonds between carbons. |
|
|
Term
| ________ fats such as Lard, shortening are ____________ fats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Safflower and olive oils are |
|
Definition
| polyunsaturated (many double bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogenated liquid oil (double bonds are removed by adding hydrogen atoms). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (can cause arteriosclerosis (formation of plaques in arteries)). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major component of cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrophobic coating formed by many organisms to ward off water |
|
|
Term
| Consist of fatty acids linked to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids with a ring structure. |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is an important steroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some hormones such as ________(regulates sodium in blood) and __________ (male sex hormone) are steroids. |
|
Definition
| aldosterone; testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is the starting material for |
|
Definition
| synthesis of male and female sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ help build up muscles in teens but cause many problems including |
|
Definition
| Anabolic steroids; Testicular Atrophy, Liver cancer, Breast development in males, Masculinization of females |
|
|
Term
| Their structure of proteins determines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first class of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 1. Structural (hair, cytoskeleton of cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the second class of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 2. Contractile (produce movement in muscles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the third class of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 3. Storage (source of amino acids such as egg white) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth class of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fifth class of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 5. Transport (hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sixth class of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the seventh class of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 7. Catalysts or enzymes (speed up reactions) |
|
|
Term
| Proteins are made up of ______ amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids have the back bone of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A second group is attached to the middle carbon called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For glycine, The R group is just a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a protein, amino acids are linked together by a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ group of one amino acid reacts with the _______ group of another amino acid forming a ____________ ___________(a H2O molecule released in the process). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protein’s ________ ________ determines its function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each collection of amino acids fold in ________ _______ to form __________ _______ |
|
Definition
| different ways; different shapes. |
|
|
Term
| There are _________ levels of structure in proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first level of structure in proteins and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| 1. Primary structure: The amino acid sequence of the protein |
|
|
Term
| Each amino acid is represented by a ________ letter abbreviation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ ________ in amino acid sequence can change the ________ of the protein and its ability to function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______ _____ _______ there is only a single change in amino acid sequence of ________ |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin; Sickle Cell Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the second level of structure in proteins and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Secondary structure: Polypeptide coiling or folding because of hydrogen bonding. |
|
|
Term
| When does Hydrogen bonding occur? |
|
Definition
| It occurs between -NH and C=O groups of amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 shapes of Protein? |
|
Definition
| 1. Alpha Helix 2. Pleated Sheet |
|
|
Term
| What is the third level of structure in proteins and what is its function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall shape of a polypeptide results from __________ R groups come together and _________ R groups come together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is some hydrogen bonding between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth level of structure in proteins and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Quaternary structure: If a protein has more than one polypeptide, the relationship between different polypeptides form a quaternary structure. |
|
|
Term
| Quaternary structure results from |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonding between different polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a protein loses its secondary and tertiary structure, it called denaturation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that cause denaturation? |
|
Definition
| High heat, Very low pH, Very high pH |
|
|
Term
| Nucleic Acids carry the __________ information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acids are polymers of __________ (one unit of nucleic acids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has a double strand in the form of a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two strands of the double helix are held together by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It can be wrapped around itself such as |
|
Definition
| transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA |
|
|
Term
| It can remain unbound such as in |
|
Definition
|
|
