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| the genetic endowment that members of a species have in common, including genes that influence maturation and aging process |
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1. there is genetic variation in a species
2. some genes aid adaptation more than others do
3. genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not--natural selection |
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| we inherit from previous generations a characteristically human environment and ways to adapt to it then learn to adjust to changing conditions and pass it on to the next generation |
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| how many genes do humans have |
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| researchers finished in 2003 mapping the sequence of the "letters" that make up the strands of DNA in a full set of human chromosomes |
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| 3.1 billion "letters" but only 2% are genes |
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| International Hapmap project |
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| compared 270 humans; 999 out of 1000 base chemicals are the same, that 1 makes us different |
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monozygotic twins b/c they result when one fertilized ovum divides to form 2 or more identical individuals
1 in 250 |
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-two ova are released at the same time and each is fertilized by a diff sperm
-1 in 125
-run in families
-more common w fertility drugs and in vitro |
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| 1100 genes vs 80 on a y chromosome |
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| the trait a person eventually has |
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| activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times |
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| three mechanisms of inheritance |
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| single gene pair, sex-linked and polygenic |
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| single gene pair inheritance |
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| each of thousands of human characteristics are influenced by only one pair of genes |
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| red + white= red and white flowers |
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mostly on x chromosomes
-color blindness
-hemophelia |
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| influenced by multiple pairs of genes |
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| change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype |
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| -recessive gene protects against malaria but causes more damange than good in areas with no malaria |
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| when a child receives too many or too few chromosomes |
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| main cause of pregnancy loss |
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trisomy 21
-three rather than 2 21st chromosomes |
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| dinstinctive eye folds, short stubby limbs, and thick tongues, mental retardation |
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| why does the likelihood increase in older mothers for down syndrome? |
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-ova and sperm more likely to be abnormal
-more time for environmental hazards to damage
-older mothers bodies less likely to abort abnormal fetuses |
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a female is born w a single x ( xo)
-1 in 3000 |
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| -webbed neck, stubby fingers/toes, small, small breasts, cant reproduce, lower than average spatial and mathematical reasoning abilities |
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| klinefelter syndrome cause |
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male is born w one or more extra chromosomes XXY
-1 in 200 |
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| klinefelter syndrome symptoms |
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| tall, masculine, sterile, at puberty develop breasts and feminine qualities, below average in language skills and school achievement |
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| fragile x syndrome symptoms |
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| -mental retardation, sometimes autism, not diagnosable til about age 3 |
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-sex linked, too many repeats or duplications of a sequence of three letters in the genetic code
-lack of a protein responsible for keeping the proliferation of synapses from spinning out of control
-as more generations pass more number of repeats accumulate |
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| people w not enough repeats to have fragile x |
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Definition
| -still have tremors, balance problems, intellectual decline in middle age, infertility and early menopause |
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| a service that helps people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease |
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-single dominant gene
-strikes middle age, disrupts the normal transcription of RNA and the expression of genes in the brain and the peripheral nervous system
-slurred speech, erratic walk, grimaces, kery movements, moodiness, loss of cognitive abilities |
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| solution for having kids if you have huntingtons |
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| -test fertilized eggs and implant only eggs without the gene in the mothers uterus |
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| scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people or animals are responsible for different in their traits |
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| the proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals |
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| attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the trait is heritable |
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-identical twins are most similar than fraternal because they ahve the same prenatal environment
-identical are more similar because they are treated similarly |
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| critics of adoption studys |
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-the birth mother gives genes AND a prenatal environment that can influence how the child develops
-can look at whether bio father-child similarity is as great as bio mother-child
-adoption agencies may look for homes that are similar as bio home |
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the percentage of pairs of people studied in which one member displays the trait, the other does too
-only for traits in which you have it or dont |
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analysis of particular genes and their effects
-identifying effects of particular alleles |
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| heritability of intelligence |
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50% from genes 50% from environment
-genetic endowment becomes more important as child grows older |
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| tendencies to respond in predictable ways that serve as the building blocks of later personality |
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| *living in the same home and personality |
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| in adults are responsible for about 40% of variation |
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| a serious mental illness that involves disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and social behavior that typically emerges around adolescence or early adulthood |
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| what percent of children w a parent w schizo are schizo |
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| genes and eating disorders |
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| more common after puberty possibly because of biochemical changes |
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| gene environment interaction |
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Definition
the effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experience and how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we have
e.g. stressful experiences + genes for depression=depression but genes for depression and no stressful experiences may not result in depression
-people w different genes react differently to different experiences
p 87 |
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| gene environment correlations |
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ways in which a persons genes and his environment or experiences are systematically interrelated: passive, evocative, and active
-people w different genes have different experiences (seek diff ones)
e.g. sociable vs shy |
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| passive gene environ correlations |
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parents genes affect what type of home they provide for their child
e.g. a social parent provides lots of social experiences |
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| evocative gene environment correlation |
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| -a happy baby will smile a lot and people will smile back and facilitate more social skills |
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| active gene environment correlation |
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| kids will seek out different environments based on their personalities |
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