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Definition
| a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts |
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| the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, in which members are engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through such technological innovations as the plow |
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| a social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents and charactaristics |
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| a three-dimensional model, two-dimensional icon, or constructed personality that is assumed by the user of an Internet site |
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| a component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency |
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| an approach to the study of formal organization in which workers are viewed as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
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| a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
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Definition
| a term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a small, close-knit community, often found in a rural area, in which strong personal bonds unite members |
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| a rem used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values |
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| within a bureaucracy, overzealous conformity to official regulations |
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| any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis |
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| a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods |
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Definition
| an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy and tends to focus on informal groups |
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| hunting-and-gathering society |
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Definition
| a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive |
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Definition
| a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated |
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| a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services |
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| any group or category to which people feel they belong |
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| a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within a society (Everett Hughes) |
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| a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor |
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| a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor |
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| a group or category to which people feel they do not belong |
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| a principle of organizational life originated by Laurence J. Peter, according to which ever employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
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Definition
| a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information |
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Definition
| a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images |
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| a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
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| any group that individuals use as a standard in evaluating themselves and their own behavior |
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| the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person |
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| the situation that occurs when the same social positions imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
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| scientific management approach |
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Definition
| another name for the classical theory of formal organizations |
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Definition
| a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
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| an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs |
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Definition
| a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others and, through them, indirectly to still more people |
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| a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status |
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| the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships |
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Definition
| the process of change and development in human societies that results from cumulative growth in their stores of cultural information |
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Definition
| a term used by sociologist to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group of society |
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Definition
| cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires |
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Definition
| the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems |
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