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| Status or social position based on one's accomplishments or activities. |
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| Status that is assigned to a person and over which he/she has no control. |
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| Originally derived fro the French word bureau, or office, a formal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an impersonality of criteria. |
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| Robert Merton's term to describe those people who become more committed to following the correct procedures than they are to getting the job done. |
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| One in which membership is not voluntary, with elaborate formal rules and sanctions and correspondingly elaborate informal cultures. |
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| An aggregate of individuals who happen to be together but experience themselves as essentially independent. |
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| Erving Goffman's conception of social life as like a stage play wherein we all work hard to convincingly play ourselves as "characters", such as grandchild, buddy, student, employee, etc. |
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| A group of two people, the smallest configuration defined by sociologists as a group. |
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| The study of the social knowledge, codes, and conventions that underlie everyday interactions and allow people use to make sense of what others say and o. |
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| In dramaturgical theory, the possibile performance of ourselves, b/c when we make a mistake or do something wrong, we feel embarassed, or "lose face". |
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| Collection of individuals who are aware that they share something in common and who interact with one another on the basis of their interrelated roles and statuses. |
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| The degree to which individual members of a group identify with each other and with the group as a whole. |
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| Irving Janis' term for social progress in which members of a group attempt to conform their opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group, even if, as individuals, they may consider that opinion wrong or unwise. |
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| The small number of group members, the "inner circle", who wield a great deal of power to make policy decisions. |
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| Erving Goffman's term for our attempts to control how others perceive us, by changing our behavior to correspond to an ideal of what they will find most appealing. |
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| A group with which you identify and that you feel positively toward, producing a "we" feeling. |
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| The social tendency to be keenly aware of the subtle differences among the individual members of your group (while believing that all members of out-groups are exactly the same). |
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| All groups have leaders, people in charge, whether they were elected, appointed, or just informally took control. |
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| Cooley's term for the process of how identity is formed through social interaction. We imagine how we appear to others and thus develop our sense of self based on the others' reactions, imagined or otherwise. |
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| An ascribed or achieved status presumed so important that it overshadows all of the others, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society. |
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| Often concieved of as a web of social relationships, a type of group that is both looser and denser than a formal group, but connects people to each other, and, through those connections, with other people. |
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| Voluntary organization wherein members serve because they believe in the goal of the organization. |
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| A formal group of people with one or more shared goals. |
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| One to which you do not belong and toward which you feel either neutral or hostile; the "they" who are perceived as different from and of lower status than ourselves. |
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| The social tendency to be believe that all members of an out-group are completely the same (while being keenly aware of the subtle differences among the individuals of one's own group). |
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| One such as friends & family, which comes together for expressive reasons, providing emotional support, love, companionship, and security. |
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| A group towards which one is so strongly committed, or one that commands so much prestige, that we orient our actions around what we perceive that group's perceptions would be. |
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| Behavior expected of people who have a particular status. |
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| What happens when we try to play roles with extremely different or contradictory rules at the same time. |
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| The process we go through when leaving a role that is central to our identity. |
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| The particular emphasis or interpretation each of us gives a social role. |
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| The experience of difficulty in performing a role. |
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| Co-workers, club members, or another group that comes together for instrumental reasons, such as working together to reach common goals. Secondary groups make less of an emotional claim to one's identity than primary groups. |
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| The foundation for societal groups & the relationships & the process of how people behave & interact w/ each other. |
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| A complex framework composed of both patterned social interactions & institutions that together both organize social life & provide the context for individual action. |
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| An organized collection of individuals & institutions, bound by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority, & organized through a shared set of cultural expectations and values. |
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| One' socially defined position in a group; it is often characterized by certain expectaions & rights. |
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| Generalizations about a group that are oversimplified and exaggerated & that fail to acknowledge individual differences in the group. |
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| Individual or group that possesses little or comparitively less social power. |
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| Individual or group that possesses social power. |
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| An institution that completely circumscribes your everyday life, cutting you off from life before you entered & seeking to regulate every part of your behavior. |
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| Utilitarian organizations |
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| Organization like the college we attend or the company we work for, whose members belong for a specific instrumental purpose or tangible material reward. |
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