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Chapter 3
Soci Exam Chapter 3 Flash Cards
48
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2009

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Term
a status that we receive involuntarily, without regard to our unique talents, skills, or accomplishments
Definition
ascribed status
Term
a status we attain through talent, ability, effort, or other unique personal
characteristics
Definition
achieved status
Term
a formal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of
authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an impersonality of
criteria
Definition
bureaucracy
Term
term used to describe the personality of people who become more committed to following the correct procedures than they are to getting the job done
Definition
bureaucratic personality
Term
organizations in which membership is not voluntary
Definition
coercive organizations
Term
an aggregate of individuals who happen to be together but experience themselves as essentially independent
Definition
crowd
Term
Erving Goffman’s theory of social life, based around his concept of impression management
Definition
dramaturgy
Term
a group of two
Definition
dyad
Term
sociological tradition in which the researcher tries to expose the common unstated assumptions that enable conversational shortcuts to work
Definition
ethnomethodology
Term
concept from Goffman’s dramaturgy theory, it is our attempt to give the best possible performance in our social interactions
Definition
face work
Term
any assortment of people who share (or believe they share) the same norms, values, and expectations
Definition
group
Term
the degree to which the individual members of a group identify with each other and the group
Definition
group cohesion
Term
the process by which group members try to preserve harmony and unity in spite of their individual judgments
Definition
groupthink
Term
: members of a group who have a great deal of power to make policy
decisions
Definition
hardcore members
Term
when people actively try to control how others perceive them by changing their behavior to correspond to an ideal of what the others will find most
appealing
Definition
impression management
Term
a group a person feels positively toward and to which the person belongs
Definition
in-group
Term
concept describing the fact that we are keenly aware of the subtle differences among members of our in-groups
Definition
in-group heterogeneity
Term
someone in charge of a group
Definition
leader
Term
Charles Horton Cooley’s concept that argues that identity is formed through social interaction
Definition
looking-glass self
Term
when an ascribed or achieved status is presumed so important that it overshadows all of the other statuses, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society
Definition
master status
Term
a type of group that is both looser and denser than a formal group
Definition
network
Term
organization people join to pursue some interest or obtain some sort of satisfaction
Definition
normative organizations
Term
large secondary group designed to accomplish specific tasks in an efficient manner
Definition
organizations
Term
a group to which a person does not belong and does not feel positively toward
Definition
out-group
Term
: concept describing our tendency to view all members of our outgroups as the same
Definition
out-group homogeneity
Term
groups that come together for expressive reasons (to provide emotional
support, love, companionship, and security
Definition
primary groups
Term
a group toward which we are so strongly committed, or which commands so much prestige, that we orient our actions around what we believe that group’s perceptions
Definition
reference group
Term
sets of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a certain status
Definition
role
Term
occurs when we try to play different roles with extremely different or contradictory rules at the same time
Definition
role conflict
Term
the process of adjustment that takes place when we move out of a role that is central to our identity
Definition
role exit
Term
the particular emphasis or interpretation we give a role, our “style”
Definition
role performance
Term
occurs when the same role has demands and expectations that contradict each other, so we cannot possibly meet them all at once
Definition
role strain
Term
group that comes together for instrumental reasons (to meet a common goal)
Definition
secondary group
Term
behaviors that are oriented toward other people
Definition
social interaction
Term
: a complex framework, or structure, composed of both patterned social
interactions and institutions that together both organize social life and provide the context
for individual action
Definition
social structure
Term
an organized collection of individuals and institutions, bounded by space in a coherent
territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of
cultural expectations and values
Definition
society
Term
any social identity recognized as meaningful by the group or society, which carries with it certain expectations, rights, and responsibilities
Definition
status
Term
assumption about what people are like or how they will behave based on their membership in a group
Definition
stereotype
Term
individuals or groups with less social power
Definition
subordinate
Term
individuals or groups with social power
Definition
superordinate
Term
a coercive organization that completely formally circumscribes a person’s everyday life
Definition
total institution
Term
organizations to which people belong for a specific, instrumental
purpose, a tangible material reward
Definition
utilitarian organization
Term
sociologists known for their work on the “social
construction of reality”
Definition
Thomas Berger and Peter Luckmann
Term
sociologist who developed the concept of the “looking-glass self”
Definition
Charles Horton Cooley
Term
developed the sociological tradition called ethnomethodology, in which the researcher tries to expose the common unstated assumptions that enable conversational shortcuts to work
Definition
Harold Garfinkel
Term
sociologist who went beyond the concept of the looking-glass self to describe how our selves change through our engagement in what he called “impression
management”
Definition
Erving Goffman
Term
sociologist who argued that our self arises through taking on the role of others
Definition
George Herbert Mead
Term
classical sociologist known for his theory about bureaucracy as an “iron cage”
Definition
Max Weber
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