Term
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Definition
| Topical antibiotic that binds to LPS and facilitates its own uptake by disrupting the outer membrane integrity |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks MurA; production of UDP-NAM from UDP-NAG
PEP ANALOG that covalently modifies MurA
Synergistic with B-lactams, amino glycosides, and fluroquinolones |
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Term
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Definition
D-Ala analog that blocks DdlB and Alanine racemase
Binds irreversibly
Multidrug-resistant TB
AE: Neurologic syndromes
CI: Alcoholics, chronic kidney disease and prior psychiatric disorders |
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Term
| Fosfomycin/Fosmidomycin Targets |
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Definition
Gram negative: E. coli, Klebsiella, Clostridium and Serratia
Not very good against Gram Positive
Resistance is due to glucose-6-phosphate transporters
AE are uncommon |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitigates cucloserine-induced peripheral neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks dephospho rylation of membrane protein that is needed for Park nucleotide binding
LIPID (NOT PROTEIN) TARGET!!
DO NOT USE SYSTEMICALLY
Is not absorbed orally |
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Term
| Bacitracin Adverse Effects |
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Definition
Kidney, neurological, and bone marrow toxicity
Can't be used systemically |
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Term
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Definition
Administered TOPICALLY for superficial dermal or opthalmic infections
Orally for Clostridium difficile colitis and VRE
DO NOT MIX WITH Nephrotoxic medications or neuromuscular blockers |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibiting peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase
Bactericidal
AE: RED MAN SYNDROME (skin flushing and rash prevented by antihistamine drips); OTOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase
Greater antibiotic potency than vanco due to lipid side chain
IV: Serious skin infections from Staph and Strep |
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Term
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Definition
Gram positive rods and cocci
Gram negative rods are resistant
IV: Sepsis or endocarditis from MRSA
Oral: Clostridium difficile (like bacitracin)
Only used when strains are resistant |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibit transpeptidase (cross linking of polymers)
SUICIDE SUBSTRATE/DEAD END COMPLEX
Synergistic with amino glycosides
Bactericidal
Rx: Broad spectrum --> Gram (+)(-)
Narrow spectrum --> Gram (+)
Resistance due to new enzyme that cleaves antibiotic |
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Term
Clavulanic acid (Clavulanate)
Sulbactam
Tazobactam |
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Definition
| B-lactamase inhibitors used in conjunction with B-lactam |
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Term
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Definition
Hypersenstivity: Anaphylaxis, Urticaria, and drug induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
BE CAREFUL WITH WARFARIN |
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Term
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Definition
Alternative drug used when patients are allergic to penicillin
Very low cross-reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
IV B-lactam
G+ Cocci: S. pyogenes, pneumococcus
G+ Rods: Clostridium, most anaerobes (NOT BACTEROIDES)
Spirochetes: Syphilis and Leptospira |
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Term
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Definition
Oral B-lactam
Rx: Aerobic-anaerobic infections or the head and neck
Used to prevent recurrent rheumatic fever |
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Term
| Antistaphylococcal penicillins (drugs) |
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Definition
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Nafcillin
Methicillin |
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Term
| Antistaphylococcal penicillins |
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Definition
ALL DRUGS ARE RESISTANT TO B-LACTAMASE
Hydrophobic: slow to get through membrane; DON"T WORK WELL ON G(-)
Rx: Skin and soft tissue infections and MRSA |
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Term
| Cloxacillin and dicloxacillin |
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Definition
Antistaphylococcal penicillins
Limited use due to adverse GI affects as well as secondary development of C. difficult colitis |
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Term
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Definition
Antistaphylococcal penicillins
Agranulocytosis and acute interstitial nephritis |
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Term
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Definition
Antistaphylococcal penicillins
Hepatotoxicity which is reversible with removal of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
Amino penicillin (+ charged side chain)
Increased diffusion through membranes
IV: Invasive Enterococcal and Listeria meningitis
Use with Clavulanic Acid for resistance by B-lactamase |
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Term
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Definition
Amino penicillin (+ charged side chain)
Increased diffusion through membranes
Oral: Uncomplicated ear, nose, throat infections, and endocarditis for dental work and H. PYLORI
Use with Sulbactam for resistance by B-lactamase |
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Term
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Definition
Used in conjunction with other antimicrobials to shut down B-lactamase resistance.
Can also directly kill Acinetobacter |
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Term
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Definition
Has side chain that makes it resistant to B-lactamase but diffuses slower through membranes
Prophylaxis of Pseudomonas
Hospital acquired, resistant pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
Have both positive and negative side chains: move quickly through membranes and are unaffected by B-lactamases
Prophylaxis of Pseudomonas
Hospital acquired, resistant pneumonia
KLEBSIELLA and ENTEROCOCCI |
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Term
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Definition
1st generation cephalosporins
Proteus mirabilis and E. coli (UTI)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Pneumonia and UTI)
Skin and soft-tissue infections |
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Term
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Definition
1st generation cephalosporin
Used for surgical prophylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
2nd generation cephalosporins
H. influenzae and Community acquired pneumonia
More resistant to B-lactamase
Can cause mild liver enzyme elevation |
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Term
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Definition
2nd generation cephalosporins
Increased activity against BACTEROIDES
More resistant to B-lactamase
Can cause mild liver enzyme elevation |
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Term
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Definition
3rd generation cephalosporins
Resistant to many B-lactamases
Rx: ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Rx: Neisseria and H. Influenza
Rx: LRT infections; CA-meningitis, Gonorrhea
Rx: Lyme Disease |
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Term
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Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin
Cholestatic hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
3rd generation cephalosporin
Rx: Antipseudomonal activity
Rx: Hospital acquired gram - |
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Term
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Definition
4th generation cephalosporin
Highly active against Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria, H. influenza, and G+
More resistant to B-lactamase
NOT APPROVE FOR MENINGITIS
AE: Development of AB's to red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
5th generation cephalosporins
Rx: Multidrug-resistant S. aureus
Rx: Moraxella catarrhalis and H. Influenza
INTRAVENOUS |
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Term
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Definition
5th generation cephalosporins
Rx: Community acquired pneumonia and skin infections |
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Term
| Cefotetan and Cefoperazone (AE) |
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Definition
Disulfiram-like reaction: alcohol intolerance syndrome
Decreases Vitamin K synthesis (bleeding disorders) |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibit transpeptidase
Gram -
Especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa
NO ACTIVITY AGAINST G+
Short half life leads to frequent dosing |
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Term
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Definition
Imipenem
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Inhibit transpeptidase
G+, G-, anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
Carbapenem
MUST BE ADMINISTERED WITH CILASTATIN |
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Term
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Definition
Carbapenem
Once daily dose is major benefit |
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Term
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Definition
Mech: Integrates into the bacterial membrane
Intravenous
Rx: Complicated Skin Infections
Rx: Bacteremia and R. sided endocarditis from S. aureus |
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Term
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Definition
Myopathy, C. difficile diarrhea
DO NOT USE WITH STATINS |
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Term
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Definition
Mech: Inhibits arabinosyl transferase (wall synthesis)
Bacteriostatic
AE: Optic neuritis (usually after 1 month of therapy) |
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Term
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Definition
Mech: inhibits FAS1 that synthesizes precursors to my colic acid
Arthralgias, hyperuricemia, and hepatotoxicity (irreversible) |
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Term
| Isoniazid and Ethionamide |
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Definition
Target FAS2
Bactericidal
AE: Peripheral neuropathy and hepatitis
Resistance from catalase-peroxidase |
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Term
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Definition
Carbapenem
Used in combination with Clavulanate against multiple-resistant M. tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
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