Term
| 4 places where brain activity increases when a person is asked to imagine they are walking from one place to another |
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Definition
1. extrastriate visual areas
2. posterior parietal cortex
3. temporal lobe
4. prefrontal areas |
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Term
| Does solving a mathematical problem activate brain areas more similarly to spatial tasks or verbal tasks? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 places where the posterior parietal cortical areas have a lot of connections |
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Definition
1. cingulate gyrus
2. prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| 3 things that area 5 is essential for |
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Definition
1. proper use of somatosensory information
2. goal-directed voluntary movements
3. manipulation of objects |
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Term
| 3 things that area 7 is essential for |
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Definition
1. integration of visual & somatosensory stimuli
2. coordination of the eye & the hand (visual guidance of movements)
3. control of eye movements |
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Term
| What is the posterior parietal cortex important for? |
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Definition
| the intention to move (contains a "map of intentions") |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to use well-known tools & objects |
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Term
| When does task-related increase in firing frequency occur? |
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Definition
| when a stimulus is relevant & the attention is directed toward the stimulus |
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Term
| Do cells that respond to stimulation of proprioceptors respond more vigorously when a movement is self-initiated or when a joint is passively manipulated by someone else? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the "association cortex"? |
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Definition
| the parts of the frontal lobe in front of areas 6 & 8 |
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Term
| 4 places the prefrontal areas receive strong afferent connections from |
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Definition
1. occipital lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. temporal lobe
4. cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| 2 places the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) of the thalamus gets afferents from |
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Definition
1. amygdala
2. ventral pallidum |
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Term
| 5 places the prefrontal cortex sends efferents to |
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Definition
1. SMA
2. PMA
3. caudate nucleus of the striatum
4. amygdala
5. hypothalamus |
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Term
| 6 things the prefrontal cortex is crucial for |
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Definition
1. planning & initiation of goal-directed behavior
2. attention
3. selection of a specific behavior among several possibilities
4. suppression of unwanted behavior
5. memory (working memory & long-term establishment of memory traces)
6. learning of rules by association |
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Term
| What part of the brain is crucial for social adaptation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can prefrontal lesions be distinguished from lesions of other parts of the cortex? |
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Definition
| changes of mood & personality |
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Term
| How is the ability to alter the behavior on the basis of experience from previous actions affected by prefrontal lesions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in the connections of the superior temporal gyrus & the inferior part of the temporal lobe (inferotemporal cortex)? |
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Definition
superior = auditory cortex
inferior = processed visual information from the extrastriate visual areas |
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Term
| What results from electrical stimulation of the temporal association cortex? |
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Definition
| recall of memories of past events or the experience of dreamlike sequences of imagined events |
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Term
| What is the inferotemporal cortex especially important for? |
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Definition
| categorization of visual stimuli |
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Term
| Do neurons in the inferotemporal cortex respond preferentially to specific visual stimuli (such as a face VS a hand)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| selective loss of face recognition; occurs after lesions of the temporal lobe |
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Term
| What is the fusiform gyrus of the inferotemporal cortex associated with? |
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Definition
| face recognition in humans |
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Term
| What is the medial temporal lobe important for? |
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Definition
| learning & declarative memory |
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Term
| What are lateral parts of the temporal lobe necessary for? |
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Definition
| semantic memory (knowledge about facts, meaning of words, objects, etc.) |
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Term
| What does bilateral damage of the temporal lobe result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are typical results of a temporal lobe lesion in the inferotemporal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how various bits of information represented in different parts of the cortex are integrated in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of speech due to a brain lesion |
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Term
| What do commissural connections ensure? |
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Definition
| that information reaching one hemisphere also reaches the other & that commands issued to lower parts of the brain also are known to both hemispheres |
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Term
| Is the temporal plane in the vicinity of the auditory cortex more extensive on the left or on the right side? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the commissural fibers organized within the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do ample commissural fibers allow the two hemispheres to do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the urge to equate the many examples of duality in human nature with the two halves of the brain |
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Term
| What is the left hemisphere better at VS the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
left = analytical & logical thinking as expressed verbally & in numbers
right = spatial abilities, the comprehension of complicated patterns, & drawing |
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Term
| What does it mean that one hemisphere is "dominant" for a function whereas the other is "recessive"? |
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Definition
| when one hemisphere is most important for a certain function |
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Term
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Definition
| the modulation & melody of the sounds of speech; largely depends on the right hemisphere |
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Term
| Which hemisphere is thought to be more important with regard to the ability to appreciate & express music? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hemisphere is more important for perception of a melody? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hemisphere is more important for listening to rhythm? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 parts of the brain activated when imagining a familiar tune? |
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Definition
1. right auditory cortex
2. frontal regions (both sides) |
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Term
| 3 things the supplementary motor area is important for |
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Definition
1. rhythmic movements
2. sequential movements
3. imagining tunes |
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Term
| Which hemisphere is more important for the expression of emotions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are patients with strokes affecting the left hemisphere more likely to become depressed than patients with strokes in the right hemisphere? |
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Definition
| because the right hemisphere understands the agony of the left |
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Term
| Do men or women generally perform better on spatial tasks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do men or women generally perform better on tasks that require verbal fluency, perceptual speed, & fine motor skills? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do men or women generally have a 10% heavier brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do men or women generally have a larger temporal plane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do men or women generally have a higher cortical neuron density? |
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Definition
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