Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 3
Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth; Larry Nelson
31
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Description, risk factors, and causes of Down's syndrome
Definition
most common chromosomal disorder
also called trisomy 21; failure of 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so baby inherits three

mental retardation, memory and speech problems, limited vocab, slow motor development. distinct physical features
maternal age the primary risk factor
Term
amniocentesis
Definition
most widely used; sample of fluid taken from uterus; cells examined for genetic defects; 14th week after conception; small risk of miscarriage
Term
chorionic villus sampling
Definition
can be performed early in pregnancy (9 weeks after conception), tissue removed from villi, greater risk of miscarriage, small risk of limb deformities, the earlier the higher
Term
fetoscopy
Definition
inspection of limbs and face with light source, sample of fetal blood obtained, allowing diagnosis of disorders/neural defects. 15-18 weeks after conception but can be done as early as 5 weeks. Risk of miscarriage.
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
High frequency sound waves are beamed at uterus; their reflection is translated into a picture on a video screen that reveals the size, shape, and placement of a fetus. Permits assessment of fetal age, detection of mulitple pregnancies, and identification of gross physical defects. Can guide other prenatal diagnostic methods.Chance of low birth weight.
Term
maternal blood analysis
Definition
second month of pregnancy fetus' cells enter maternal bloodstream. isolated cells can be examined for genetic defects
Term
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Definition
after in vitro fertilization and duplication of the zygote into a cluster of about 8-10 cells, 1 or 2 cells are removed and examined for hereditary defects. the fertilized ovum is implanted in the woman's uterus only if free of detectable genetic disorders
Term
teratogen
Definition
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period (drugs, alcohol, tobacco)
Term
maternal factors in healthy prenatal development
Definition
exercise, nutrition, emotional stress, age, previous births
Term
Preterm
Definition
infants born several weeks or more before their due date
Term
Small for date
Definition
below expected weight consideering lenght of the pregnancy
Term
interventions for preterm babies
Definition
special infant stimulation:
isolette, failure to get human stimulation
kangaroo care

caregiving: parents may not be as sensitive because of appearance/behavior
Term
3 periods for prenatal development and the age of viability
Definition
Zygote-1-2 weeks
Embryo-3-8 weeks
Fetus 9-38 weeks
Term
stages of childbirth
Definition
Stage 1: a. dilation and effacement of the cervix caused by contractions of uterus.
b. transition-cervix opens completely
Stage 2: c. pushing with each contraction, baby forced down birth canal
birth of baby: Shoulders emerge, birth of baby follows quickly
Stage 3: delivery of placenta after final pushes
Term
infant mortality rate in US
Definition
6-7, 26th in the world
Term
mitosis
Definition
the process of cell duplication which each new cell receives an exact copy of the original chromosomes
Term
meiosis
Definition
the process of cell division through which gametes are formed and in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved
Term
crossing over
Definition
exchange of genes between chromosomes next to each other during meiosis
Term
genotype
Definition
the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics
Term
phenotype
Definition
directly observable characteristics of a child that resemble parents; dependent on genotype and affected by environmental influences
Term
chromosome
Definition
within the nucleus of a cell, rodlike structures which store and transmit genetic information
Term
zygote
Definition
the cell that results when sperm and ovum unite
Term
gametes
Definition
sex cells
Term
how to represent dominant homozygous
Definition
DD
Term
how to represent recesive homozygous
Definition
bb
Term
how to represent dominant heterozygous
Definition
Db
Term
how are recessive traits created
Definition
two recessive alleles are inherited
Term
how dominant traits are created
Definition
one dominant allele is present
Term
life span of sperm
Definition
up to six days; longer for female sperm XX
Term
what determines sex
Definition
wheter an X bearing or a Y bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum
Term
how and when do multiple births occur
Definition
a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals (identical twins) 1/330 births around world

release and fertilization of two ova (fraternal twins)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!