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Chapter 3
Memory
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
08/28/2011

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Term
Memory
Definition
The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.
Term
Encoding
Definition
Converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory
Term
Storage
Definition
Holding information in memory for later use
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Recovering information from storage in memory
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
The first stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.
Term
Icon
Definition
A mental image or visual representation
Term
Echo
Definition
A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
Term
Short-term Memory (STM)
Definition
The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
Another name for Short-term Memory, especially when it is used for thinking and problem solving.
Term
Long-term Memory (LTM)
Definition
The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.
Term
Information Bits
Definition
Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases.
Term
Information Chunks
Definition
Information bits grouped into larger units.
Term
Recoding
Definition
Reorganizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it in short-term memory.
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
Rehearsal that links new information with existing memories and knowledge.
Term
Constructive Processing
Definition
Reorganizing or updating memories on the basis of logic, reasoning, or the addition of new information.
Term
Cognitive Interview
Definition
Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.
Term
Network Model
Definition
A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information
Term
Redintergrative Memories
Definition
Memories that are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills. (driving)
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
That part of long-term memory containing specific factual information. (names, faces, dates)
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
A subpart of Declarative Memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world. (days of the week, simple math skills, seasons)
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
A subpart of Declarative Memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places.
Term
Tip-of-the-Tongue State
Definition
The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable.
Term
Feeling of Knowing
Definition
A feeling that allows people to predict beforehand whether they will be able to remember something.
Term
Memory Task
Definition
Any task designed to test or assess memory
Term
Recall
Definition
To supply or reproduce memorized information with a minimum of external cues. (word-for-word memory)
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
The tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list.
Term
Recognition Memory
Definition
An ability to correctly identify previously learned information
Term
Relearning
Definition
Learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory in prior learning.
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
A memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved.
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously.
Term
Priming
Definition
Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories.
Term
Internal Images
Definition
Mental images or visual depictions used in memory and thinking
Term
Eidetic Imagery
Definition
The ability to retain a "projected" mental image long enough to use it as a source of information.
Term
Curve of Forgetting
Definition
A graph that shows the amount of memorized information remembered after varying lengths of time.
Term
Encoding Failure
Definition
Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
Term
Memory Traces
Definition
Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that takes place when memories are stored.
Term
Memory Decay
Definition
The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker
Term
Disuse
Definition
Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.
Term
Memory Cue
Definition
Any stimulus associated with a particular memory. Memory cues usually enhance retrieval.
Term
State-dependent learning
Definition
Memory influenced by one's bodily state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the bodily states match.
Term
Interference
Definition
The tendency for new memories to impair the retrieval of older memories and the reverse.
Term
Retroactive interference
Definition
The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
Term
Positive Transfer
Definition
Mastery of one task aids in learning or performing another (Skateboarding helps you learn snowboarding)
Term
Negative Transfer
Definition
Mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another (Pushing a Pull door)
Term
Repression
Definition
Unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness
Term
Suppression
Definition
A conscious effort to put something out of mind to keep it from awareness.
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition
Memories created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid. (not always accurate memories)
Term
Consolidation
Definition
Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain
Term
Electroconductive Shock (ECS)
Definition
An electric current passed directly through the brain, producing a convulsion
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
A brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Term
Engram
Definition
A memory trace in the brain
Term
Spaced Practice
Definition
A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests
Term
Massed Practice
Definition
A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.
Term
mnemonic
Definition
Any kind of memory system or aid
Term
Keyword Method
Definition
As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two items.
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