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| the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in cells |
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| any chemical reaction that involves the transformaton of materials that enter the reaction |
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| transformation of materials from reactants |
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| the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones |
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| involves the production of large molecules from smaller reactants |
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| "energy of motion" is the type of energy possessed by moving objects |
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Thermal Motion: a random movement or vibration that occurs at any temperature above absolut zero.
"thermal energy or heat" |
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energy that can be stored and eventually converted to kinetic energy
EX: As a rock is pushed uphill, work is perormed, and t he potential energy of teh rock increases. As the rock rolls downhill, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy |
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| Is Chemical Energy a form of Kinetic or potential energy |
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potential energy
Why? Any difference in energy between reactans and products must reflect differences in potential energy |
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| In an energy-releasing reaction, which has more energy-the reactants or the products? |
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| Energy-requiring reaction |
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| potential energy increases as low-energy reactants are converted to higher energy products |
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| the energy that can be extracted from a molecule. |
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| What factor determines the direction of a reaction |
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| energy-releasing reactions always proceed sontaneously in the forward direction |
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| do energy-requiring reaction go forward spontaneously |
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| No - they go forward only when energy is put into them |
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| an increae in the concentratin of reactants relative to products tends to puch a reactin forward, and an increase in the concentration of products relative to reactants tends to puch a reactin in reverse |
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| An increase in the concentratin of reactants relative to products do what |
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| tends to push a reaction forward |
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| An increase in the concentration of products relative to reactants does what |
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| tends to push a reaction in reverse |
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| Metabolic reactions are accelerated or catalyzed by special molecules called |
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| regulatory mechanism in which an enzyme in a metabolic pathway is inhibited by an intermediate appearing downstream |
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| regulatory mechanism is which a modulator binds reversibly to the regulatory site on an enzyme, inducing a change in its conformation and activity |
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| involves the activation of an enzyme by an intermediate appearing upstream in a metabolic pathway |
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| a reaction that virtually all cells rely on to provide thier energy needs |
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| adenosine triphosphate - serves as a temporary energy store |
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| Is the oxidation of glucose catabolic or anabolic |
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Definition
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| Does the Oxidation of gulcose release energy or require it |
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| ATP synthesis occurs by what two processes |
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Definition
1) substate-level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation |
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| a phosphate group is transferred from a metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| ADP binds with a free inorgainc phosphate(Pi) to form ATP |
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Splitting of glucose(sugar
Occurs in cytoplasm
Is split into two pyruvate molecules
(2)NAD+ are used - (2)NADH are produced
(2)ADP and Pi are used - (2)ATP is produced |
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| Linking Step in Glucose metabolism |
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Definition
Occurs in mitochondria
(2)Pyruvate are converted to (2)Acetyl CoA
(2)NAD+ are used (2)NADH are produced and (2)CO2 |
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Occurs in mitochondria
(6)NAD+ are used (6)NADH are produced
(2)FAD are used (2)FADH2 are produced
(6)H2O are used (4) CO2 are produced
(2)ADP + (2) Pi are used (2) ATP are produced |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
NADH is used NAD+ is produced
O2 is used H2O is produced
34 ATP is produced |
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| a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings |
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| a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy |
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ar proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
Often work in pathways - a product of one reaction is a reactant of the next reaction |
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| If oxygen availability is low cells lose the ability to tun oxidative phosphorylation so cells convert pyruvate to lactate to run glycolysis |
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| NAD+ is used to run glycolysis to get a little ATP to keep the cell alive for awhile |
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| Glucose storage and production |
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenlysis |
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| glucoes is made in cells, from amino acids, glycerol, or lactate. To accompish this some of the reactions of glucose metabolism are run in reverse |
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| Storing glucse monomers in the polymer glycogen Occurs when glucose is abundant, and allows the body to store glycogen until needed |
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Releasing glucose from glycogne storage form
Occurs when glucose is needed |
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anothe fuel source
stored in adipose tissues
contain C-C and C-H bonds |
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used only when the body has no other option
broken down into amino acids - the amino acids are then de-aminated |
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| Blood flow - highest proiority |
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Definition
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| lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) |
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Definition
| can convert pyruvate to lactate when oxygen levels and NAD+ become depleted |
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| How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis for every molecule of glucose consumed |
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Definition
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| What three substance can serve as raw materials for gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
glycerol
lactate
amino acids |
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| where is gluconeogenesis carried out at |
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Definition
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| what happens to the ammonia that is produced when amino acids are broken down for energy |
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| it is carried by the bloodstream to the liver where it is converted to urea and eliminate by the kidneys |
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| metabolic breakdown of proteins for energy proteins are first broken down to amino acids |
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| energy-releasing and proceed spontaneously |
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