Term
| 4 things that make up the hippocampal formation |
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Definition
1. hippocampus
2. dentate gyrus
3. subiculum
4. entorhinal area |
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Term
| Where is the hippocampus located? |
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Definition
| it forms an elongated bulge medially in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle; it is produced during early development by invagination of the ventricular wall by the hippocampal sulcus |
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Term
| Where is the dentate gyrus located? |
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Definition
| along the medial aspect of the hippocampus, it forms a narrow, notched band |
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Term
| How can you identify the change of the hippocampus into the subiculum? |
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Definition
| a marked change in thickness & organization of layers |
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Term
| Where do the main afferents to the dentate gyrus come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the entorhinal area dominate delivery of information to the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| it sends its efferents to the dentate gyrus which sends its efferents to the hippocampus |
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Term
| 2 places the amygdala projects to in the hippocampal formation |
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Definition
1. subiculum
2. entorhinal area |
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Term
| What do association areas of the neocortex influence? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 places where the majority of direct entorhinal afferents come from |
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Definition
1. parahippocampal gyrus
2. perirhinal cortex |
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Term
| 2 places where the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus gets its afferents from |
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Definition
1. perirhinal cortex
2. subiculum |
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Term
| Is amnesia more severe after damage of the perirhinal cortex/areas neighboring the entorhinal area or after a lesion to the entorhinal area & the hippocampus? |
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Definition
| damage of the perirhinal cortex & the areas neighboring the entorhinal area |
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Term
| Are there hippocampal afferents from the septal nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transmitter is used by septohippocampal neurons? |
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Definition
| ACh (it increases the excitability of the hippocampal pyramidal cells) |
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Term
| 2 places where the hippocampus gets afferents that have modulatory effects on hippocampal cells |
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Definition
1. raphe nuclei
2. locus coeruleus |
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Term
| Is hippocampal long term potentiation increased or reduced after removal of monoamines from the hippocampus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the hippocampal formation have reciprocal connections with subcortical & cortical areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many parallel pathways run out of the hippocampal formation to cortical areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 places where the subiculum sends many of its efferents |
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Definition
1. the mammillary body
2. the amygdala |
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Term
| 2 places where the fornix sends its efferents |
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Definition
1. nucleus accumbens
2. ventromedial hypothalamus |
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Term
| How are connections from the hippocampus to the subiculum & from the subiculum to other areas organized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that much of our learning is "associative"? |
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Definition
| we learn from experience that two phenomena occur together |
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Term
| What is the difference between classic conditioning & operant conditioning? |
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Definition
classic = when one stimulus always follows another
operant = when we learn that a certain behavior produces a certain response |
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Term
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Definition
| when a response increases with repeated exposure to a painful stimuli |
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Term
| What type of learning is learning by imitation element of language & movement patterns? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. explicit/declarative
2. implicit/procedural/nondeclarative |
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Term
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Definition
| concerns episodes & events from one's own life |
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Term
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Definition
| concerns general knowledge about the world we live in |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to remember events from one's own life; combines episodic & semantic memory but also involves memory processes dependent on the amygdala & several parts of the cortex |
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Term
| When is nondeclarative memory needed? |
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Definition
| to learn & perform skills |
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Term
| Where do patients with severe amnesia that is not accompanied by intellectual reduction typically have lesions? |
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Definition
| the medial parts of the temporal lobe |
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Term
| Do lesions of the medial temporal lobe have memory impairments concerned with short-term memory or long-term memory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| memory is lost for events that take place after the time of the brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| a patient is unable to recall events that took place before the damage |
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Term
| What type of memory is the perirhinal cortex uniquely involved in? |
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Definition
| stimulus recognition memory |
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Term
| How does consolidation take place? |
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Definition
| by a continuous dialogue between the hippocampus & other parts of the cortex |
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Term
| What is evidence that sleep is of special importance for the dialogue that allows for memory consolidation? |
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Definition
| there are specific patterns of synchronized activity in the hippocampus & in cortical areas during sleep that were also particularly active during the learning phase |
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Term
| What does it mean that every time a memory is recalled it becomes "labile"? |
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Definition
| it can be modified before renewed consolidation |
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Term
| 2 central tasks of the hippocampus |
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Definition
1. spatial orientation
2. navigation |
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Term
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Definition
| single hippocampal neurons whose firing changes with the position of an animal in relation to its surroundings; ex) the firing pattern changes with the location of the animal in different corners of the cage |
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Term
| Does the hippocampal neurons form a cognitive map of our surroundings? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce a systemic map of the surroundings |
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Term
| How do lesions of the hippocampal formation affect the association between objects & space? |
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Definition
| the monkey has difficulties with remembering where an object was located |
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