Term
| 2 parts of the neocortex that are strongly implicated in processing of emotions |
|
Definition
1. prefrontal cortex
2. insula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell groups in the basal parts of the hemispheres that are densely interconnected with both limbic structures & the neocortex; participates in both emotional & cognitive processing |
|
|
Term
| 2 nuclear groups of the amygdala |
|
Definition
1. small corticomedial (central nucleus)
2. large basolateral (lateral nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the central task of the amygdala? |
|
Definition
| the establishment of links between stimuli & their emotional value |
|
|
Term
| How does damage to the amygdala affect social interactions? |
|
Definition
| it leads to difficulties in social interactions |
|
|
Term
| 4 places where the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala receive afferents from |
|
Definition
1. olfactory bulb
2. hypothalamus
3. intralaminar thalamic nuclei
4. septal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers does the corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala receive from the ventral tegmental area in the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the path of ascending fibers of spinal lamina I nociceptive neurons to the amygdala? |
|
Definition
| end in parts of the parabrachial area that project to the central amygdaloid nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What type of information does the lamina I-parabrachial-amygdaloid pathway contribute to? |
|
Definition
| the emotional aspects of pain |
|
|
Term
| 4 places where the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala receives afferents from |
|
Definition
1. thalamic nuclei
2. prefrontal cortex
3. temporal lobe
4. cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Do the basolateral nuclei (lateral nucleus) of the amygdala receive one type or many types of sensory information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the amygdala receive information about fear-provoking stimuli & their context? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a major efferent pathway from the amygdala to the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collections of the efferent fibers from the amygdala to the hypothalamus that are visible macroscopically & arch over the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| What do effernts from the amygdala to the thalamus allow for? |
|
Definition
| they enable signals from the amygdala to reach the prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| 2 places where the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala send efferents |
|
Definition
1. ventral striatum
2. basal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| How do projections from the amygdala to the basal nucleus show up on an EEG? |
|
Definition
| they show up as an activation of the EEG |
|
|
Term
| How does the amygdala impact learning? |
|
Definition
| we remember better the material that has an emotional coloring |
|
|
Term
| 3 brain stem nuclei that receive efferents from the amygdala |
|
Definition
1. PAG
2. reticular formation
3. parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What are connections between the amygdala & PAG involved in? |
|
Definition
| eliciting conditioned fear behavior |
|
|
Term
| 4 movements elicited by stimulation of the corticomedial nuclear group of the amygdala |
|
Definition
1. smacking
2. salivation
3. licking
4. chewing |
|
|
Term
| 3 movements elicited by stimulation of the basolateral nuclear group of the amygdala |
|
Definition
1. lifting head
2. pupils are dilated
3. looking around |
|
|
Term
| Does the sight of faces expressing anger or fear cause an activation or a deactivation of the amygdala as shown via fMRI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amygdaloid lesions affect the ability to recognize facial expressions? |
|
Definition
| they lead to difficulty with recognizing facial expressions |
|
|
Term
| How does the amygdala work as a sort of alarm? |
|
Definition
| it evaluates very rapidly a stimulus for its threatening value & initiates appropriate behavior |
|
|
Term
| Is the amygdala necessary for expression of emotions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are connections between the basolateral amygdala & the ventral striatum necessary for? |
|
Definition
| establishing stimulus-reward associations |
|
|
Term
| What are connections from medial parts of the prefrontal cortex with the amygdala necessary for? |
|
Definition
| unlearning (extinction) of the conditioned fear response |
|
|
Term
| How does the prefrontal cortex act on the amygdala during extinction? |
|
Definition
| it inhibits the amygdala; the synaptic changes underlying the associations do not disappear |
|
|
Term
| What is the cingulate gyrus involved in? |
|
Definition
| organization & initiation of various kinds of goal-directed behavior |
|
|
Term
| Does stimulation of the motor cortex produce vasomotor changes in the ipsilateral or contralateral body half? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does stimulation of the frontal eye field produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the roles of the rostral part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus) & the caudal part? |
|
Definition
rostral = affect regulation
caudal = cognitive task |
|
|
Term
| What is the ACC of the cingulate gyrus important for? |
|
Definition
| the choice of behavior in response to conflicting stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What do parts of the cingulate gyrus & the anterior insula work together to do? |
|
Definition
| alter activity in relation to emotions such as admiration & compassion |
|
|
Term
| What are the orbitofrontal & ventromedial parts of the prefrontal cortex important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the orbitofrontal cortex important for? |
|
Definition
| behavioral flexibility (the ability to alter behavior when needed & to choose among conflicting choices) |
|
|
Term
| 5 brain parts that monitor the energetic demands involved in performing a task |
|
Definition
1. amygdala
2. nucleus accumbens
3. orbitofrontal cortex
4. insula
5. ACC |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the basal forebrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 overlapping regions of the basal forebrain |
|
Definition
1. ventral striatopallidum
2. extended amygdala
3. basal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Where are ACh neurons of the basal forebrain found? |
|
Definition
| in a thin disc close to the basal surface of the hemisphere (basal nucleus) & in the septal nuclei & the diagonal band of Broca that extend dorsally close to the midline |
|
|
Term
| Between what 2 structures does the diagonal band of Broca form a transition? |
|
Definition
| the basal nucleus & the septal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| 2 places where the basal forebrain gets ACh afferents from |
|
Definition
1. locus coeruleus
2. ACh cell groups in the dorsolateral pons |
|
|
Term
| 3 places where the basal forebrain gets afferents from |
|
Definition
1. hypothalamus
2. cingulate gyrus
3. nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum |
|
|
Term
| 3 things the septal nuclei influence |
|
Definition
1. autonomic functions
2. emotions
3. behavioral reactions |
|
|
Term
| 2 things the ACh neurons in the basal forebrain are important for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do patients with Alzheimer's disease have a lot of cell loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
