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| the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron |
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| genetic structures consisting of genes that are found in the nuclei of the body's cells |
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| determined by more than one gene |
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| in behavior genetics, environmental influences on behavior, including factors such as nutrition, culture, socioeconomic status, and learning. contrast with nature. |
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| all the DNA contained within the set of human chromosomes. the sum of the genetic material that controls the processes that define the human being. |
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| the basic building block for heredity, which consists of DNA |
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| in behavior genetics, inherited influences on behavior, as contrasted with nurture. |
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| in genetics, a trait that is expressed (contrary to recessive trait) |
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| a chromosomal abnormality caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st pair ("trisomy 21") and characterized by slanted eyelids and mental retardation |
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| in organisms, a continuous process that converts food into energy |
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| the branch of autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes such as digestion that restore the body's reserves of energy |
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| the lobe of the cerebral cortex that lies to the front of the central fissure |
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| impaired ability to comprehend or express oneself through language |
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| the lobe that lies just behind the central fissure |
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| a language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language |
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| a language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech |
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| the lobe that lies behind and below the parietal lobe and behind the temporal lobe |
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| the section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. it lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe |
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| an operation in which the corpus callosum is severed, usually in an effort to control epileptic seizures |
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| the section of the cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, just across the central fissure from the sensory cortex. neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body |
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| neurotransmitters that are composed of amino acids and that are functionally similar to morphine |
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| a neuron that transmits a neural impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron |
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| in the spinal cord, the grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the part of the nervous system consisting of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
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| a structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and dreaming |
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| a part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance |
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| absolute refractory period |
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| a phase following firing during which a neuron's action potential cannot be triggered |
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| the degree to which a membrane allows a substance to pass through it |
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| a junction between neurons, consisting of a terminal knob of a transmitting neuron, the space between the neurons (synaptic cleft), and a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron |
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| the reduction of the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero |
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| a part of the limbic system of the brain that plays an important role in the formation of new memories |
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| a neurotransmitter that is involved in parkinson's disease and theorized to play a role in schizophrenia |
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| a neurotransmitter whose action is similar to that of the hormone adrenaline and that may play a role in depression |
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| the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered |
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| a neurotransmitter, deficiencies of which have been linked to affective disorders, anxiety, and insomnia |
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| reticular activation system |
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| a part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal |
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| ganglia located between the thalamus and the cerebrum that are involved in motor coordination |
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| the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres |
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| an area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention |
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| the wrinkled surface area (gray matter) of the cerebrum |
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| a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion |
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| a thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex |
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| a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, and the surface of the body |
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| chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another |
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| a fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission for neural impulses |
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| cells that nourish and insulate neurons, direct their growth, and remove waste products from the nervous system |
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| a noninsulated segment of a myelinated axon |
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| neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain (also called sensory neurons) |
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| rootlike structures, attached to the soma of a neuron, that receive impulses from other neurons |
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| neurons that transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands (also called motor neurons) |
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| a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from branching structures called terminals |
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| small structures at the tips of axons |
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| the gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones |
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| a childhood disorder marked by problems such as failure to relate to others, lack of speech, and intolerance of change |
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| ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream |
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| a part of the limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses |
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