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| naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals. |
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| rock that has solidified from magma. |
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| molten rock, usually rich in silica and containing dissolved gases. |
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| magma on the earth's surface |
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igneous rocks that form at earth's surface.
faster cooling near surface creates fine grained. |
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magma solidifies underground.
slower cooling at depth creates coarse grained. |
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coarse grained rock compasoed predominantly of feldspar and quartz
intrusive rock. |
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| a surface separating different rock types. |
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| any older rock into which an igneous body intruded. |
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| fragments of rock that are distinct from the body of igneous rocks in which they are inclosed. |
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| refers to a rock's appearance with respect to the size, shape and arrangement of its grains or other constituents. |
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| rocks that formed at considerable depth |
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| large crystals are enclosed in a groundmass of finer grained crystals or glass. |
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intrusive
(felsic to mafic) |
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| granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite |
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extrusive
(felsic to mafic) |
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| rhyolite, andesite, basalt |
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a tabular, discordant, intrusive structure.
not parallel to any layering in the country rock. |
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tabular intrusive structure, but it is concordant.
sills are parallel to any planes or layering in the country rock. |
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| a body of magma or igneous rock that cyrstalllized at considerable depth within the crust. |
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| is a small discordant pluton with an outcrop area of less than 100 square kilometers. |
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| outcrop thats greater than 100 square kilometers. |
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blobs of magma
less dense than surrounding rock that is pliable and shouldered aside the magma rises. |
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| rate at which temperature increases with increasing depth beneath the surface. |
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| narrow upwellings of hot material within the mantle. |
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| takes place when a body of hot mantle rock moves upward and the pressure is reduced to the extent that the melting point drops to the temperature of the body. |
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| sequence in which minerals crystallize |
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| process by which different ingredients separate from an originally homogenous mixture |
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| the downward movement of minerals that are dinser than the magma from which they crystallized. |
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| felsic minerals melt at lower temps and thus will melt first. if a rock undergoes partial melting, it tends to produce a rock that is rich in silica. |
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| melting of country rock and alter magma composition |
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| the mixing of magmas of different compositions can produce a magma of intermediate composition |
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| plate tectonic associations |
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Definition
a. MORBs – Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts, form at Mid-Ocean Ridges – divergent plate
boundaries
b. Andesites – form at convergent plate boundaries
c. Granites—form at convergent plate boundaries
d. Flood basalts – not associated with plate boundaries – probably sourced by mantle
plumes
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