Term
| Carbohydrates are a type of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates are composed of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sugars are always in the ratio of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Sugars often have names ending in... |
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Definition
| -ose (glucose, sucrose, fructose) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are monosaccharides simple or complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of structure do Monosaccharides have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common monosaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for Glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do humans use Glucose? |
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Definition
| As a short term energy source, as well as a building block for larger sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three most common polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen |
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Term
| What organisms make starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do plants store up energy long term? |
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Definition
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Term
| Starches are long spriraling chains of what kind of sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Starches are made up of glucose in what pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogen is produced by what organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of energy storage does glycogen do? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogen structure is different from Starch structure in that... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some physical characteristics of cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sugar is cellulose made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards to energy, what happens when humans eat cellulose? |
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Definition
| They get very little energy. |
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Term
| In regards to energy, what happens when humans eat Glycogen? |
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Definition
| They get a lot of energy. |
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Term
| In regards to energy, what happens when humans eat starch? |
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Definition
| They get a lot of energy. |
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Term
| What sugar is Glycogen made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sugar is starch made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two mechanisms of artifical sweeteners? |
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Definition
| 1. "Fooling" tastebuds, but are not actually carbohydrates, (saccharine, aspartame) 2.Being carbs, but not breaking down into glucose (sugar alcohol) |
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Term
| What are some examples of artifical sweeteners that fool tastebuds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of an artifical sweetener that does not break down into glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common use of Sugar Alcohols? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What elements make up lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally speaking, how much Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are in lipids? |
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Definition
| A lot of carbon and hydrogen, but little oxygen |
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Term
| What kind of bonds typically exist in the Carbon and Hydrogen found in lipids? |
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Definition
| Non-polar, equal sharing covalent bonds |
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Term
| Are lipids typcally hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Why? |
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Definition
| Typically hydrophobic, because the carbon and oxygen form non-polar, equal sharing bonds |
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Term
| What are neutral fats used for? |
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Definition
| Storing up energy long term |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of fat that is important in humans' cell membranes and cell structures |
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Term
| Steroids are a type of what? |
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Definition
| lipid, or fat, that is also a hormone |
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Term
| What do steroids do in relation to cells? |
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Definition
| Allow them to communicate |
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Term
| What are the two monomers found in natural fats? |
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Definition
| Glycerol and Fatty acid chains |
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Term
| Glycerol has how many carbons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is glycerol's function in neutral fats? |
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Definition
| To act as the glue to hold the other parts of the molecule together |
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Term
| What are fatty acid chains made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each neutral fat is made up of what? |
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Definition
| 4 monomers - one glycerol, and three fatty acid chains |
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Term
| What are the two parts of neutral fats? |
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Definition
| Glycerol, and fatty acid chains |
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Term
| Where is most of the energy in neutral fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some properties of fatty acid chains? |
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Definition
| Neutral charge, equal sharing of electrons, hydrophobic |
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Term
| What are the two monomers found in neutral fats? |
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Definition
| Glycerol, fatty acid chains |
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Term
| Are fatty acid chains hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Why? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic, because they have covalent bonds and thus no charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that has large molecules made of chemically bonded smaller, identical molecules (eg, triglceride [3 fatty acid chains, 1 glycerol]) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of triglyceride? |
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Definition
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Term
| If an organism has extra energy, will it store it usually as sugar or fat? Why? |
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Definition
| Fat, because it lasts 2x as efficient. |
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Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? |
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Definition
| Saturated fat means the fatty acid chain holds as many hydrogens as it can (or is "saturated" with them). Unsaturated fats are not holding as many hydrogens as possible. |
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Term
| Where are unsaturated fats found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when two carbons are bonded in a fatty acid chain? |
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Definition
| The chain does not contain maximum hydrogen, so it's unsaturated. |
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Term
| What are the two types of fats found in humans' blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Low-density lipo-proteins. |
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Term
| Low-density lipo-proteins are converted to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of fat found in humans' blood is the "bad fat"? Why? |
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Definition
| Low-density lipo-proteins, because they can be converted to cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
| High-density lipo-protein |
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Term
| Why are HDLs the good fats? |
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Definition
| They are necessary for normal metabolism, and do not turn into cholesterol. |
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Term
| What is important to health, absolute numbers of LDL and HDL or ratios to each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should we avoid saturated fat? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| We should, because it raises LDLs |
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Term
| What is a Monounsaturated fat? |
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Definition
| Fats that have one double bond in the carbon chain |
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Term
| Should we avoid Monounsaturated fat? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No, because it lowers LDL |
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Term
| Where can Monounsaturated fat be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can saturated fat be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can polyunsaturated fats be found? |
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Definition
| Canola oil, sunflower oil, vegetable oils |
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Term
| are polyunsaturated fats bad for you? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| They aren't terrible but they aren't great. They lower LDL which is good, but they lower HDL which is bad. |
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Term
| Where do Omega-3 fats come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should we avoid Omega-3 fats? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No, because they lower LDL and raise HDL, which are both favorable. |
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Term
| Is trans fat good for you? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| They are extremely bad for you - they lower LDL and raise HDL |
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Term
| Why do foods usually contain trans fat? |
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Definition
| To keep them crispy or crunchy or prevent them from going stale. |
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Term
| Where do trans fats come from? |
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Definition
| They are not naturally occuring, but food processors typically add them. |
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Term
| What elements are proteins made from? |
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Definition
| Mostly Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
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Term
| Are proteins simple or complex? |
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Definition
| Proteins are the most complex of macromolecules |
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Term
| What is the most diverse of macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Proteins - we have to be able to make 250,000+ to have normal health and normal metabolism |
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Term
| What monomers are used to make Proteins? How many types are there? |
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Definition
| Amino Acids, there are 20 of them. |
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Term
| What sets the amino acids apart from one another? |
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Definition
| They have different R groups or variable groups, which gives them differing chemical properties |
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Term
| Are proteins typically hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Why? |
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Definition
| Hydrophilic, because they usually contain a lot of Oxygen |
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Term
| Say you are shown a picture of a protein. There is an "O" for Oxygen, N for nitrogen, H for hydrogen... what would "R" stand for? |
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Definition
| There is no "R" element - it stands for Variable. |
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Term
| How do cells build proteins? |
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Definition
| They are going to take amino acids, and put them in chains to create a polymer, in this case called a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| A long chain of Amino Acids |
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Term
| By what process are Polypeptides made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bonds connect amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can sometimes happen with some of the connected groups when Amino acids bond? Why? |
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Definition
| They can start to react, because the R groups are near each other. |
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Term
| What structures can Polypeptides have? Why? |
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Definition
| Long chains can fold, twist, spiral, depending on R groups. Eventually tend to become globular. |
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Term
| Is a protein made of one or several polypeptide chains? |
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Definition
| Both - some are single chains, but others are multiple. |
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Term
| What is the most important thing in a protein? |
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Definition
| The sequence of Amino acids - which acids, and in what order. |
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Term
| Why is the shape of a protein important? |
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Definition
| It is directly relevant to the protein's function. |
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Term
| Explain what Sequence > Shape > Function means. |
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Definition
| Refers to Protein Structure, Sequence determines shape, and the shape determines function. W/ out correct sequence, it may have the wrong shape and thus not function. |
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Term
| Why are proteins important? |
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Definition
| Are involved in every aspect of cells, including structure, movement, immune systems, cell transport, cell communication, and enzymes which help speed up chemical reactions and build chemicals. |
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Term
| Should people take protein supplements? |
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Definition
| As long as you are getting enough food they are not necessary. |
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Term
| What should a consumer know about Amino Acid supplements? |
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Definition
| They are not needed if you are eating regularly and can in fact cause real problems, such as kidney disease |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a disease, technically due to protein deficiency, but it's almost always due to malnutrition/starvation. It's due to swollen liver. |
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Term
| What elements are Nucleic acids made from? |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygens, Nitrogens, and Phosphorus |
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Term
| What monomers are Neucleic Acids made from? How many are there? |
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Definition
| Neucleic acids are made from Nucleotides, of which there are 4. |
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Term
| What are the major parts of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
1. Phosphate chemical group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous base |
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Term
| What is created when nucleic acids form polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA stores up information regarding how and when to build proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It takes the information from the DNA and builds the protein by hooking the amino acids together. |
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Term
| What is the flow of information? What does this mean? |
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Definition
DNA > RNA > Protein.
Information (how and when) > builder > product |
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Term
| What polymers makes up Carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Starch, glcogen, cellulose |
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Term
| Starch, glycogen, cellulose are the polymers needed to make up which macromolecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are needed to produce Starch, glycogen, and cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosaccharides make up which polymers? |
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Definition
| Starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
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Term
| Which polymers make up lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglycerides are the polymers needed to make up which macromolecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are needed to produce triglycerides? |
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Definition
| Glycerol and Fatty acid chains |
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Term
| Fatty acid chains and glyercol makes up which polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which polymers make up proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Polypeptides are the polymers needed to produce which macromolecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are needed to produce Polypeptides? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 20 amino acids produces which polymer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which polymers make up nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and RNA make up which macromolecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What monomers are needed to produce DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4 nucleotides make up what macromolecule? |
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Definition
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