Term
| What are examples of micro- and macronutrients? |
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Definition
macronutrient-Nutrient required in large quantities. ex. Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
Micronutrients: nutrients that are needed in small quantities
Ex. Vitamins, Minerals, |
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Term
| 2. Be able to briefly describe the role in nutrition of the following nutrients: water, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? |
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Definition
Water: Adults need about 3 liters per day, Too little leads to dehydration, Circulatory system, Waste products, Cooling by evaporation
Carbohydrates: main energy source
Simple sugars (glucose) enter our system quickly.
Complex carbohydrates (branching chains of simple sugars) are digested more slowly
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Essential amino acids: we cannot make these ourselves; must obtain from food
Complete proteins: contain all the essential amino acids we need. Plant proteins can be combined to make them complete. Fats
Energy storage molecules
Consist of a glycerol attached to fatty acid tails
Essential fatty acids: we cannot make these ourselves (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6) |
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Term
| What is a complex carbohydrate? cholesterol? |
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Definition
| 1. Carbohydrate consisting of two or more monosaccha-rides. 2. A steroid found in animal cell membranes that affects membrane fluidity. Serves as the precursor to estrogen and testosterone. |
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Term
| What is the difference between HDL and LDL cholesterol? |
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Definition
1. A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood that is high in protein and low in cholesterol.
2.Cholesterol carrying subsance in the blood that is high in cholesterol and low in protein. |
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Term
| What is an essential amino acid? essential fatty acid? |
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Definition
1. Any of the amino acids that humans cannot synthesize and thus must be obtained from the diet.
2.Any of the fatty acids that animals cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet. |
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Term
| How do saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats? What are examples of each? |
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Definition
Saturated fats: fatty acid carbons are bound to as much hydrogen as possible, Solid at room temperature, Most animal fats are saturated
Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are not bound to as much hydrogen as possible, Liquid at room temperature, Most plant fats (oils) are unsaturated or polyunsaturated |
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Term
| What is hydrogenation and why was this done to fats? What is the downside of hydrogenated fats? |
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Definition
Adding hydrogen gas under pressure to make liquid oils more solid. Hydrogenate vegetable oils under pressure to make solid fat (e.g., shortening and margarine)
May be linked to an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes |
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Term
| What is a vitamin and what does it do for your body? a mineral? examples of each? |
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Definition
1. Organic nutrient needed in small amounts. Most vitamins function as coenzymes. : usually function as coenzymes – required for enzymes to function
Vitamin D the only one we can synthesize
All other vitamins must come from food
Some are water-soluble, some are fat-soluble
2.Inorganic nutrient essential to many cell functions. : don’t contain carbon – inorganic
Examples: calcium, iron, magnesium, and sodium |
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Term
| 9. Why the concern over processed versus whole foods? What do whole foods have that processed foods do not? |
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Definition
Processing can remove much of a food’s nutrition
Whole foods: foods not stripped of nutrition by processing
Rich in complex carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants |
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Term
| What is an enzyme? coenzyme? activation energy? induced fit? |
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Definition
1.Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in a cell Metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring in the body Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction. Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions. 2. Substances such as vitamins that help enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
3.The amount of energy that reactants in a chemical reaction must absorb before the reaction can start. 4. A change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds tightly to a substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C. |
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Term
| what influences the number of calories your body burns while engaged in various activities? |
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Definition
Calorie: a unit of energy
Cells consume calories from food to do work and maintain temperature.
Extra calories can be stored as fat.
Metabolic rate: the rate at which the body uses energy |
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Term
| What are we referring to when we speak of a person’s basal metabolic rate? |
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Definition
| Resting energy use of an awake, alert person. |
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Term
| What is the difference between passive transport and active transport in cells? |
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Definition
1. The diffusion of substances across a membrane with their concentration gradient and not requiring an input of ATP.
2.The ATP-requiring movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient. |
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Term
| What are examples of passive transport we discussed? |
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Definition
Facilitated diffusion: transport of hydrophilic and charged molecules across the membrane.
Uses proteins embedded in the membrane
No input of energy required
Osmosis: movement of water across a membrane, from high to low concentration. |
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Term
| Which method consumes energy in the process? |
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Definition
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Term
| what supplies that energy used in active? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do exocytosis and endocytosis vary? |
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Definition
1. The secretion of molecules from a cell via fusion of membrane-bounded vesicles with the plasma membrane.
2. : a vesicle forms around a large molecule and brings it into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculation using height and weight to determine a number that correlates to an estimate of a person's amount of body fat with health risks. |
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Term
| what is a healthy BMI range for men and women? Why is this an imperfect measure of an ideal body fat % for all people? |
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Definition
1. 14%
2. 22%
Does not look at muscle mass. |
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Term
| What is obesity? which diseases are associated with it? |
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Definition
BMI of 30 or higher
Risk of obesity is influenced by both lifestyle (diet, exercise) and genetics
Obesity increases risks of:
Diabetes
Hypertension
Heart disease
Stroke
Joint problems |
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Term
| 17. What are anorexia and bulimia? What diseases are associated with these ailments? |
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Definition
1. : self-starvation
Can starve heart muscles, producing altered rhythms
Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation; can be permanent and result in sterility
Increases risk of osteoporosis
2.: binge-eating followed by purging
Many of the same health effects as anorexia
May lead to stomach rupture
Dental and gum problems from stomach acid
Dehydration (sometimes fatal) |
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