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| A change added to a bill, law, or constitution. |
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| Those who favored strong state governments, a weak national government, and were opponents of the constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| America's first written constitution; served as the basis for America's national government until 1789. |
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| having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses; distinguished from unicameral |
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| the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people |
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| mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. Major examples include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactments |
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| a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government |
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| Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution (also known as the necessary and proper clause), which enumerates the powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry them out |
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| the electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president |
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| specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II) |
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| a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments |
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| a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay supporting the ratification of the Constitution |
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| those who favored a strong national government and supported the constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787 |
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| the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population, but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population |
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| the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional. The Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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| a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution |
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| a framework for the Constitution, introduced by William Paterson, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population |
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| the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making |
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| Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties "shall be the supreme law of the land" and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision |
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| the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that stipulated that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats, every slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person |
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| oppressive and unjust government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority |
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| a framework for the Constitution, introduced by Edmund Randolph, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state |
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