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| Describe the components of an atom |
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| Protons (positive) and Neutrons (neutral) are located in the center of the atoms called the Nucleus, while Electrons (negative) move around the nucleus of an atom |
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| Explain how compounds are formed |
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| Describe the importance of electrons in the formation of bonds |
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| Differentiate between ionic, covalent, & hydrogen bonds |
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| Describe the unique properties of water that are significant to life |
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| Describe how the pH scale is used to define acids & bases |
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| Describe how a buffer resists a change in pH |
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| Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element |
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| Positive subatomic particle located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit |
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| Neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit |
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| Negative subatomic particle moving about in an energy level around the nucleus of an atom |
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| A fundamental constituent of matter that cannot be broken down into another substance, composed of atoms |
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| A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. |
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Definition
| Atoms react with one another in order to have a completed outer shell with eight electrons |
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| The number of electrons in outer shell determined reactivity of atom |
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| Attraction between oppositely charged ions; ions form when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons to achieve a completed outer shell |
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Definition
| Sharing of electrons between two atoms; there are single (share one pair of electrons), double (share two) and triple |
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| Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule |
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| Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (Make up 98% of body weight of most organisms) |
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| Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains properties of the compound |
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| Charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge |
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| positively charged ions formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons |
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| negatively charged ions formed when a metal loses electrons, and a nonmetal gains those electrons |
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| Compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base (NaCl) |
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| A bond in which atoms share a single pair of electrons There is no net charge on either atom; the attractive force is produced by interaction of the electron pair with the nuclei of both atoms. |
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| If the atoms share more than two electrons, double and triple bonds are formed, because each shared pair produces its own bond. By sharing their electrons, both atoms are able to achieve a highly stable electron configuration corresponding to that of an inert gas |
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| If the atoms share more than two electrons, double and triple bonds are formed, because each shared pair produces its own bond. By sharing their electrons, both atoms are able to achieve a highly stable electron configuration corresponding to that of an inert gas |
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| Ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond |
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| A polar covalent bond is one where the electrons are not shared evenly between the two atoms. This occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other. This can be seen in a molecule of water. Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen which means that electrons like to spend more time with the oxygen. This creates a partial negative charge on oxygen, and a partial positive charge on hydrogen |
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| Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
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| Type of molecules that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar |
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| A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction |
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| Substance that participates in a reaction |
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| Substance that forms as a result of a reaction |
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| Liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve a solute |
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| Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its pH numerically |
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| Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically |
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| Hydrogen ion concentration |
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| Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
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| Speculate on why water is critical for metabolic processes |
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Definition
In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Without water, these particular metabolic processes could not exist. http://www.universalhealthinfo.com/Water.html
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Cells are composed mostly of water. One property of water is that it is a solvent which dissolves many substances, including those which participate in metabolic reactions in cells. When dissolved in water, these substances can move about and interact. |
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| Why is it important for our blood to be buffered? |
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Definition
To maintain homeostasis. If there were no buffers in place to maintain our blood's pH, it would become either too acidic or too basic. The buffers act to regulate pH and keep it even. If pH drops, it will act to accept H+ ions, and if pH increases, it will donate H+ ions. This keeps blood at a pH of around 7.4. Living beings cannot survive if their pH becomes even minutely lower or higher than its normal range
ANOTHER ANSWER:
Digestion of different types of food can create H+ and OH- ions which are absorbed into the blood stream. These ions, which cause acidic or basic conditions, can harm other molecules in our body if in excess, so the blood is buffered to maintain pH within a range that is not harmful. |
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