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| the study of the links between biology and behavior |
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| nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system |
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| ____-carry information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system for processing |
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| carry information and instructions for action from the central nervous system to muscles and glands |
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| neurons of the central nervous system that link the sensory and motor neurons in the transmission of sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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| branchy extensions that receive messages from other nerve ells or to muscles or glands |
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| extensions that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles or glands in neurons |
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| neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane |
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| level of stimulation that must be exceeded in order for the neuron to fire, or generate an electrical impulse |
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| junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft |
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| speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands |
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| division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles |
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| division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning; it regulates the autonomic behaviors necessary for survival |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| autonomic system that arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| division of autonomic nervous system that calms body and reserves energy |
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| the body's slower chemical communication system, consisting of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues, on which they have specific effects |
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| ______produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that prepare the body to deal with emergencies or stress |
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| controlled by hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands; sometimes called the master gland |
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| amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity of the brain |
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| measures the levels of activity of different areas of the brain by tracing their consumption of a radioactive form of glucose, the brain's fuel |
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| uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that show brain structures more clearly |
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| MRI scans taken less than a second apart are compared to reveal blood flow and therefore brain structure and function |
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| oldest and innermost region of the brain. extension of the spinal cord and is the central core of the brain; its structures direct automatic survival functions |
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| located in brainstem, controls breathing and heartbeat |
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| part of the brainstem, a nerve network that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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| located at the top of the brainstem, it routes incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum |
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| processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance |
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| neural system associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and basic physiological drives |
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| a part of the limbic system and influences the emotions of fear and aggression |
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| a part of the limbic system that regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and contains the so-called reward centers of the brain |
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| a thin intricate covering of interconnected neural cells atop the cerebral hemispheres. the seat of information processing, the cortex is responsible for those complex functions that make us distinctively human |
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| in the brain, guide neural connections, provide nutrients and insulating myelin, and help remove excess ions and neurotransmitter |
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| part of the brain involved with speaking, muscle movements and judgmenet making |
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| part of brain that contains the sensory cortex |
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| located at the back of the brain, and contains the visual cortex, which receives information from the eyes |
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| located at the back of the brain, and contains the visual cortex, which receives information from the eyes |
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| part of brain that contain the visual cortex, which receive information form the ears |
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| controls voluntary movement |
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| registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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| areas of the brain that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, and abstract thinking |
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| the formation of new neurons |
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| the large band of neural fibers that links the right and left cerebral hemispheres. without this band of nerve fibers, the two hemispheres could not interact |
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| condition in which the major connections between the two cerebral hemispheres are severed, literally resulting in a split brain |
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