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| A warm, close relationship with an adult that provides an infant with a sense of security and stimulation |
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| A group of people who were born during the same period of one or several years and who are therefore all exposed to particular historical events at approximately the same age. |
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| Interaction across gender boundaries that is based on and strengthens such boundaries |
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| A sequence of roles - each role with its own set of activities that a person enacts during his or her lifetime. People's most important careers are in the domains of family and friends, education, and work. |
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| Recurrent and predictable activities that are basic to day-to-day social life. |
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| A behavior that results from the motivation to obtain a reward (food, praise) or avoid a punishment (spanking, criticism) controlled by someone else. |
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| The behavioral expectations associated with gender |
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| Instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
| The process by which members of a group come to expect and support deviance by another member over time. |
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| The process through which initially external behavioral standards become internal and subsequently guide an individual's behavior. |
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| A behavior that results from the motivation to achieve an internal state that an individual finds rewarding. |
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| An individual's progression through a series of socially defined, age-linked social roles. |
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| An individual's progression through a series of socially defined, age-linked social roles. |
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| The process through which children become capable of making moral judgements |
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| A discrete period in the life course during which individuals are expected to perform the set of activities associated with a distinct age-related role. |
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Definition
| Socially expected changes made by all or most members of a defined population. |
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| In groups, a standard or rule that specifies how members are expected to behave under given circumstances. Expectations concerning which behaviors are acceptable and which are unacceptable for specific persons in specific situations. |
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Definition
| The acquisition of behavior based on the observation of another person's behavior and of its consequences for that person. Also known as modeling. |
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| A painful or discomforting stimulus that reduces the frequency with which the target behavior occurs. |
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| an individual's use of internalized standards to judge his or her own behavior and reward the self. |
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| The learning process in which an agent initially reinforces any behavior that remotely resembles the desired response and subsequently requires increasing correspondence between the desired response before providing reinforcement. |
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Definition
| The process through which individuals learn skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their positions in a group or society. |
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| the condition in which the demands made on the person exceed the individual's ability to cope with them. |
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