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| method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships |
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| cause-and-effect relationship |
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| changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design |
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| method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships |
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| observational research study focusing on one or a few people |
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| tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs |
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| unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables |
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| serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups |
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| relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does |
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| variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had |
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| grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing |
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| group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance |
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| researcher expectations skew the results of the study |
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| (plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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| variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group |
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| process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate |
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| studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time |
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| observation of behavior in its natural setting |
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| description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables |
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| people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation |
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| two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller |
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| method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group |
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| repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability |
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| subset of individuals selected from the larger population |
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| list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people |
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| well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena |
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| We all have a tendency to make illusory correlations from time to time. Try to think of an illusory correlation that is held by you, a family member, or a close friend. How do you think this illusory correlation came about and what can be done in the future to combat them? |
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| Are there any questions about human or animal behavior that you would really like to answer? Generate a hypothesis and briefly describe how you would conduct an experiment to answer your question. |
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