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Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principles
Pharmacology
57
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
09/04/2010

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Adverse Drug event

Definition

 

 

 

 

Any undesirable occurance related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Drug

Definition

 

 

 

Any chemical that effects the physiological processes of a living organism.

Term

 

 

 

Adverse drug reaction

Definition

 

 

 

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as exposed to overdose)

 

Term

 

 

 

Additive Effects

Definition

 

 

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalant to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

1 + 1 = 2

Term

 

 

 

Agonist

Definition

 

 

 

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Term

 

 

 

 

Allergic reaction

Definition

 

 

an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusually sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

Term

 

 

 

Antagonist

Definition

 

 

 

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body; also called an inhibitor

Term

 

 

Antagonist effects:

Definition

 

 

 

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of individual effects of the same drugs given alone. Usually caused by a blocking or reducing effect of one drug on another

Term

 

 

Bioavailability:

Definition

 

 

 

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route

Term

 

 

Biotransformation:

Definition

 

 

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug: occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active

Term

 

 

 

Blood-brain barrier:

Definition

 

 

 

the barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the blood stream and the central nervous system. Allows passage of the essential substances such as oxygen

Term

 

 

Chemical name

Definition

 

 

 

 

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

Term

 

 

 

Contraindication:

Definition

 

 

 

Any condition; especially one related to a disease stare or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Term

 

 

 

Cytrochrome P-450

Definition

 

 

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism.

Term

 

 

Dependence:

 

Definition

 

 

a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need for a drug

Term

 

 

Dissolution:

Definition

 

 

 

The process by which solid forms of  drugs disintegrate  into the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

Term

 

 

Drug actions:

Definition

 

 

 

the cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells; also called mechanism of action

Term

 

Drug Effects

Definition

 

 

The physiological reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and decide how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak and duration are used to describe drug effects.

Term

 

 

 

Drug induced teratogenisis:

Definition

 

 

the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

Term

 

 

Drug interaction:

Definition

 

 

Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

Term

 

 

Duration of action:

Definition

 

 

the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

Term

 

 

Enzymes:

Definition

 

 

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

Term

 

 

First-pass effect:

Definition

 

 

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

Term

 

 

Generic name:

Definition

 

 

 

the name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. the generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark

Term

 

 

 

Half-life:

Definition

 

 

In pharmokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of a drug to be eliminated from the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

Term

 

 

 

Idiosyncratic reaction:

Definition

 

 

 

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to and individual patient

Term

 

 

 

 

Incompatibility:

Definition

 

 

the characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of

Term

 

 

 

Intraarticular:

Definition

 

 

 

Within a joint

Term

 

 

 

Intrathecal

Definition

 

 

 

within a seath

Term

 

 

 

Medication error:

Definition

 

 

any preventable adverse drug  event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or healthcare professional; may or may not cause patient harm

Term

 

 

Medication use processes:

Definition

 

 

 

the prescribing, dispensing and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

Term

 

 

Metabolites:

Definition

a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive. Inactive metabolites lack pharmacological activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

Term

 

 

Onset of action:

Definition

 

 

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Term

 

 

 

Parent drug:

Definition

the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body’s biochemical reactions into is active or inactive metabolites. A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites

Term

 

 

 

Peak effect:

Definition

 

 

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic responses in the body

Term

 

 

Peak level:

Definition

 

 

 

the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Term

 

 

Pharmaceutics:

Definition

 

 

 

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage from design

Term

 

 

Pharmacodynamics:

Definition
the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at there sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors
Term

 

 

 

Pharmagogenetics:

Definition

 

the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug responses, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

Term

 

 

 

Pharmacognosy:

Definition

 

 

 

the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

Term

 

 

 

Pharmacokinetics:

Definition

 

 

the rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

Term

 

 

Pharmacology:

Definition

 

 

 

the broadest term for the study or the science of drugs

Term

 

 

Pharmacotherapeutics:

Definition

 

 

the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

Term

 

 

Prodrug:

Definition

 

 

an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once its inside the body

Term

 

 

Receptor:

Definition

 

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

Term

 

 

Steady state:

Definition

 

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Term

 

 

Substrates:

Definition

 

 

substances on which enzymes act

Term

 

 

 

Synergistic effects:

Definition
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of individual effects of the same drugs given alone
Term

 

 

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Definition

 

 

the process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient’s drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

Term

 

Therapeutic effect:

Definition

 

 

the desired or intended effect of a particular medication

Term

 

 

 

Therapeutic index:

Definition

 

 

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Term

 

 

Tolerance:

Definition

 

 

 

reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Term

 

 

 

Toxic:

Definition

 

 

 

the quality of being poisonous

Term

 

 

 

Toxicity:

Definition

 

 

the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

Term

 

 

 

Toxicology:

Definition

 

 

 

the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments

Term

 

 

 

Trade name:

Definition

 

 

the commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacture; also called the proprietary name

Term

 

 

Trough level:

Definition
the lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
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