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Chapter 2 and 3 review
stupid
115
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/12/2017

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Term
Chemistry
Definition
the study of matter and energy
Term
Elements
Definition
all matter, living and non-living is made up of
Term
energy
Definition
the power to do work
Term
4 elements make up 96% of all living organisms
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Term
3 components atoms are made of
Definition
protons, neutrons, electrons
Term
Found in nucleus of atom
Definition
protons, neutrons
Term
atomic number
Definition
tells us how many protons an atom has
Term
atomic mas
Definition
protons plus neutrons
Term
atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
Definition
isotopes
Term
tom with a different number of neutrons has an unstable nucleus that emits particles to reach a more stable state is called
Definition
radioisotope
Term
if an atom has the same number of protons and electron then it is
Definition
neutral
Term
outermost shell of an atom is called its
Definition
valence shell
Term
atom has lost an electron it is charged
Definition
positively
Term
atom has gained an electron is is charged
Definition
negatively
Term
another name for ion that has lost electron , gained electron
Definition
cation, anion
Term
substance made up of two or more atoms
Definition
molecule
Term
if an atom has its outermost shel completely filled, that atom will be
Definition
stable and non-reactive
Term
strongest type of chemical bond
Definition
covalent bond
Term
bond that is formed between Na+ and Cl-
Definition
Ionic Bond
Term
bond that forms between water molecules
Definition
hydrogen bond
Term
weakest type of chemical bond
Definition
Hydrogen bond
Term
bond that is formed when atoms donate or gain electrons
Definition
Ionic Bond
Term
bond that is formed between oxygen and hydrogen in water
Definition
covalent bond
Term
bond that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms
Definition
covalent bond
Term
bond held together by an attraction between charged ions
Definition
ionic bond
Term
what is the pH of water
Definition
7.0
Term
used in our blood to maintain the correct pH and maintain homeostasis
Definition
buffer
Term
in the pH scale, which range of numbers would be used to represent a solution with less H+ than OH ion?
Definition
>7
Term
stored energy can be called
Definition
potential energy
Term
energy of motion is called
Definition
Kinetic energy
Term
Carbon has 6 electrons. how many are in first shell? 2nd shell?
Definition
2,4
Term
carbon tends to form how many covalent bonds?
Definition
4
Term
protein
Definition
amino acids
Term
phospholipid
Definition
phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids
Term
starch
Definition
glucose
Term
polypeptide
Definition
amino acids
Term
cellulose
Definition
glucose
Term
saturated fat
Definition
glycerol, fatty acids
Term
DNA
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Amino acids
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
nucleotides
Term
which type of macromolecule is the primary quick energy storage form for plants?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
which type of macromolecule is responsible for producing steroids like testeosterone and estrogen
Definition
lipids- cholesterol
Term
4 levels of protein organization
Definition
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Term
what type of reaction does the cell use to synthesize glycogen from glucose subunits?
Definition
dehydration
Term
what type of bond joins 2 amino acids together
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
type of protein that acts as a biological catalyst?
Definition
enzyme
Term
what happens when a protein loses its structure and function due to high temperatures
Definition
denaturation
Term
which type of nucleic acid forms a double helix and is always found in the nucleus?
Definition
DNA
Term
In a dna molecule what are the 4 bases
Definition
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
Term
what type of bonds join the bases in the double-stranded DNA?
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
what type of sugar is found in DNA?
Definition
deoxyribose
Term
what type of sugar is found in RNA?
Definition
ribose
Term
which base is only found in RNA? what does it replace
Definition
uracil, thymine
Term
another name for a simple carbohydrate that is just made of one monomer?
Definition
monosaccharide
Term
what type of organic macromolecule is found as the main component of cellular mambranes?
Definition
phospholipids
Term
what do we call a lipid that is of animal origin and is a solid at room temperature?
Definition
saturated fats
Term
a polysaccharide is a long chain of subunits
Definition
glucose(sugar)
Term
what are the components of a triglyceride
Definition
glycerol, 3 fatty acids
Term
which type of polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?
Definition
cellulose
Term
how many different kinds of amino acids are there?
Definition
20
Term
what property of water allows the jesus lizard to run across the water without sinking?
Definition
cohesion
Term
what property of water makes it a good transport fluid in our circulatory system?
Definition
good solvent
Term
3 functions of proteins in living organisms
Definition
defense, regulation, transport
Term
what part of a nucleotide is variable?
Definition
nitrogenous base
Term
water held behind a dam has a large amount of
Definition
potential energy
Term
molecules that are polar and attracted to water are
Definition
hydrophillic
Term
molecules that are nonpolar and therefore not attracted to water are
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
evaporation of water from the skin results in a(n) in body temperature
Definition
decrease
Term
the acidity or alkalinity of a solution can be measure in terms of
Definition
pH scale
Term
large organic molecules that are compsed of thousands of smaller molecules bonded to one another are known as
Definition
polymers
Term
process by which cells break down organic macromolecules into theri subunits is
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
lipid molecule composed of four joined carbon rings are known as
Definition
steroids
Term
polypeptide is generally referred to as a if it has more than 100 amino aids and has folded into a complex structure with a specific function.
Definition
protein
Term
molecule that stores the set of instructions of a clel and directs everything a cell does is
Definition
DNA
Term
3 basic principles of cell theory
Definition
1. composed of cells 2. single cell smallest unit that eibits all characteristics of life 3. cells come from other cells
Term
main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Definition
presence/absence of nucleus
Term
organisms in the domain Archaea have what type of cells
Definition
prokaryotic
Term
organisms in the domain eukarya have what type of cells?
Definition
Eukaryotic
Term
what do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes?
Definition
both need to make proteins
Term
some bacteria cells have flagela. What is the function of the flagella?
Definition
movement
Term
powerhouse of the cell
Definition
mitochondria
Term
site of protein synthesis is
Definition
ribosomes
Term
this organelle is responsible for the production of lipids in the cell
Definition
smooth ER
Term
control center of the cell is
Definition
nucleus
Term
membrane bound storage and shipping containers are called
Definition
vessicles
Term
site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Definition
chloroplast
Term
vesicles that contain enzymes and are responsible for eliminating toxic wastes are called
Definition
peroxisomes
Term
inner scaffolding of the cell that forms a framework for the membrane and organelles is called
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
plasma membrane is primarily composed of these 3 components
Definition
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
Term
what type of moevement across a plasma membrane occurs from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Definition
passive transport; diffusion
Term
what type of proteins are found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane?
Definition
peripheral
Term
what type of proteins are found spanning the membrane from inside to outside
Definition
integral
Term
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
Definition
osmosis
Term
function of an aquaporin in the plasma membrane
Definition
move large amounts of water molecules
Term
what is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Definition
control movement of molecules into/out of cell
Term
molecules that are polar and dissolve in water
Definition
hydrophilic
Term
requires energy to move molecules across membrane
Definition
active transport
Term
description of the plasma membrane
Definition
phospholipid bilayer
Term
controls excess fluidity in the membrane
Definition
cholsterol
Term
part of the cells fingerprint: carbohydrates attached to lipids
Definition
glycolipids
Term
bulk transport out of the cell
Definition
exocytosis
Term
type of protein that forms a pore for molecules to cross membrane
Definition
channel proteins
Term
bulk transport ino the cell
Definition
Endocytosis
Term
molecules that are non-polar and avoid water
Definition
cholesterol
Term
movement of O2 and CO2 through the membrane
Definition
passive transport
Term
transport of molecules across a membrane using energy is called
Definition
active transport
Term
what type of molecule makes up the main part of the plasma membrane?
Definition
phospholipid
Term

most cells are very small in order to maximize their

with respect to their volume

Definition
surface area
Term
plasma membranes become less fluid when is present
Definition
cholesterol
Term
the plasma membrane regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell by allowing only certain substances to pass, thus is is said to be
Definition
selectively permeable
Term
the movement of large molecules or large quantities of molecules into a cell is accomplished through
Definition
endocytosis
Term
the area surrounding cells outside the plasma membrane is referred to as the
Definition
intercellular
Term
if a cell has a higher concentration of solutes than its surrounding environment, its tonicity is in relation to the extracellular environment.
Definition
hypertonic
Term
if a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than its surrounding environment, its tonicity is in relation to the extracellular environment.
Definition
hypotonic
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