Term
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Definition
| record the tension of the tissue in which they are located; make up a large group of the visceral receptors |
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Term
| Are sensations of pain mostly from stretch receptors that give rise to sensations of pain by responding to strong dilation of a hollow organ & to forceful contractions of the smooth musculature or from chemoreceptors sensitive to substances in the tissue produced by inflammation or ischemia? |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors sensitive to substances in the tissue produced by inflammation or ischemia |
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors in the vascular system react to? |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide & oxygen concentration in the blood |
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Term
| Do visceral receptors typically have large or small receptive fields? |
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Definition
| large receptive fields with a low density of nerve endings |
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Term
| What does it mean that visceral receptors exhibit marked "spatial summation"? |
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Definition
| the threshold for eliciting action potentials becomes lower as the area of stimulation increases |
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Term
| 4 places where visceral afferents leading from nociceptors do NOT follow the sympathetic nerves |
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Definition
1. neck of the bladder
2. prostate
3. cervix uteri
4. rectum |
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Term
| What do "pain fibers" from the bladder/prostate/cervix uteri/rectum follow? |
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Definition
| parasympathetic pelvic nerves to the sacral spinal nerves |
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Term
| What do fibers carrying nociceptive signals from the arteries in the extremities & the body wall follow? |
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Definition
| the spinal nerves together with the sympathetic efferent fibers |
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Term
| Where do the sensory signals from the visceral organs primarily end after passing through the dorsal roots? |
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Definition
| the dorsalmost parts of the dorsal horn (lamina 1) |
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Term
| Where do the sensory fibers following the cranial nerves end? |
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Definition
| the solitary nucleus in the medulla |
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Term
| What produces the visceral reflexes of coughing & respiratory adjustments? |
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Definition
| stimulation of receptors in the lungs & the airways |
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Term
| What reflex is caused by irritation of the mucosa of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates the emptying reflexes of the rectum & the bladder? |
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Definition
| stimulation of stretch receptors in their walls |
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Term
| Signals from what kinds of receptors in the bronchial walls contribute to inhibition of inspiratory movements when the lungs have been inflated to a certain extent? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is substance P released from the free nerve endings that cause the cough reflex in the lungs? |
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Definition
| exposure to irritant gases |
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Term
| Where is the J (juxtapulmonary) receptor located? |
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Definition
| close to the lung alveoli |
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Term
| What feelings do signals from the J receptors cause when these signals reach consciousness? |
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Definition
| shortness of breath (dyspnea) |
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Term
| What is normal adult bladder capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does urine not leak out of the bladder in the filling phase? |
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Definition
| intraurethral pressure is kept higher than intravesical pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the smooth muscle of the bladder wall; in the filling phase, it is relaxes while the striated external sphincter in the pelvic floor is tonically active |
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Term
| Normal emptying of the bladder requires coordinated control of what 2 kinds of neurons? |
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Definition
1. parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the S3-S4 segments
2. alpha motoneurons in the S1-S3 segments |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is responsible for the parasympathetic control of the detrusor muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the pontine micturition center (the neuronal network that coordinates the spinal reflexes involved in micturition) located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mediates the marked emotional influence on micturition (ex. frequent urination in association with nervousness & fear)? |
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Definition
| connections from the amygdala to the PAG |
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Term
| In terms of urination, what is associated with damage of the pyramidal tract in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| urge incontinence as a sign of impaired central bladder control |
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Term
| 2 cell groups involved in the voluntary control of micturition |
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Definition
1. medial parts of the frontal lobe
2. medial parts of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| In terms of urination, what is caused by damage to the frontal lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 muscles that must coordinate for successful expulsion of semen |
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Definition
1. smooth muscles closing the upper urethra
2. striated muscles of the pelvic floor (sphincter muscles & muscles around the penile cavernous bodies, esp. the bulbospongiosus muscle) |
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Term
| 2 cell groups that control the spinal reflex centers for erection & ejaculation |
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Definition
1. cell groups in the reticular formation of the pons (close to those controlling micturition)
2. cell groups in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Descending connections from what part of the brain inhibits the spinal reflex centers of erection & ejaculation? |
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Definition
| an area in the ventral part of the upper medulla that sends descending connections that act on parasympathetic & sympathetic preganglionic neurons & alpha motoneurons |
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Term
| Do visceral disease processes (ex. appendicitis) initially cause a vague discomfort & nausea or do they initially cause pain? |
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Definition
| vague discomfort with nausea |
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Term
| Is visceral pain typically accompanied by slow pulse, lowered blood pressure, & cold sweat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are nausea/vomiting & a tendency to keep still frequent in patients with visceral pains? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain orchestrates most of the symptoms of visceral pain? |
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Definition
| the periaqueductal gray (PAG) |
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Term
| What causes the pain of migraine? |
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Definition
| dilation of the extracranial arteries & subsequent inflammation |
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Term
| Why does referred pain occur? |
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Definition
| the diseased organ & the site of referred pain receive sensory innervation from the same spinal segments |
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Term
| Where is the pain arising in the heart usually referred to? |
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Definition
| the ulnar aspect of the left arm or the upper part of the chest |
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Term
| Where is pain from the diaphragm usually referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 areas of the skin where bladder pain is usually referred to |
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Definition
1. an area of the skin innervated by the spinal segments S2-S3
2. an area of the skin higher up on the back innervated by the lower thoracic & upper lumbar segments |
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