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| Four main groups of land plants |
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Definition
1. byrophytes:mosses 2. pteridophytes: ferns 3. gymnospers: pines and other conifers 4. angiosperms: flowering plants |
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Mosses are destinguished from algae by sev features derived during evolutionary adaptain to living on land Many adaptation=reproductive (byrophrytes' offspring develop from multicellular embryos that remain attatched to mom plant) |
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| includes the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms |
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| cells are joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body (most bryophytes lack this) |
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| ferns that are sometimes called seedless plants, b/c there is no seed stage in their life cycle (gymnospers and angiosperms are seed plants, which facilitates reprod on land) |
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| consists of a plant embyo packagaed along with a food supply within a protective coat |
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| conifers, which developed from the first vascular plants w/ seeds (from the Devonian period) their seed were not enclosed by specialized chambers |
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Flowering plants
Flower is a complex reprod structure that bears seeds w/in protective chambers called ovaries, unlike gymnospers |
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| land plnts share this only with the green algae that are their closes relatives. Its plasma membrane is equipped with rose shaped arrays of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls |
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Rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes |
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contrasts with the linear arrays of cellulose producing proteins characteristic of noncharophycean algae. |
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| a 2nd derived homolgy in charophyceans and land plants is a match in these enzymes containe w/in organelles. These are often closely associated with chloroplasts. |
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an alignment of cytoskeletal elements adn golgi derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell.
this is common only to land plants and most complex charophycean algae vesicles from golgi ap. cell plate formation (this is a similiarity b.w plants and algae) |
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localized regions of cell divisionat the tips of shoots and roots. The growth in length of plants is sustained throughout its life by the activity of this region |
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multicellular plant dependent empryos have these. These cells are sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as ell, which enhance transfer of nutriets from parent to embyio |
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| in land plants that have flagellated sperm cells, the structure of the sperm closely resembles sperm of charoophyceans |
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| recognizes multicellular, dependent embryos as a derived characteristic common to the land plant clade. |
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| alternation of generations |
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| life cycles of land plants: two multicellular body forms alternate, each form producing the other. This also evolved in various grps of algae, dsnt occur in the charophyceans This probably evolved indep as a derived charcteristic of land plnts |
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| haploid, have a single set of chromosomes (eggs and sperm) Fusion of eggs and sperm--> diploid zygotes |
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| Mitotic division of the zygote produce this mulicellular sporophyte. =diploid (two sets of chromosomes) Meiosis in a mature sporophyte produces haploid reprod cells called spores |
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| reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism w/o fusing with another cell Mitotic division of a plant spore produces a new multicellular gametophyte |
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| most durable organic material konwn, makes the walls of plant spores very tough and resistant to harsh environments (walled spores produced in sporagnia) |
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| found on the sporophyte generation of a plant, produce the spores |
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| undego meiosis and generate the haploid cells |
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| bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms produce their gametes w/in this multicellular organs ca |
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| the female gametangia. Each one is a vase shaped organ that produces a single egg cell and retains the egg within the base of the organ |
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| male gametangia. produces many sperm cells that are released into the environ when mature The sperm cells of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and some gymnospperms bear flagella and swim through water to eggs |
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| epidermis (outer cell layers) of leaves and other aerial parts of most land plants are coated with this. It is a layer consisting of pollymers called polyesters and waxes |
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| the epidermis of leaves and other photsynthetic organs has these pores which support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 btwn outside air and leaf interior Where water exits leaves by evap |
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| tube shaped cells carry water and minerals up from roots. these cells are dead |
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| living tissue with nutrient conducting cells arranged ito tubes that distrib sugars, amino acids, adn other organinc prod throughout plnt |
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produced by land plants. Products of the secondary metabolic pathways ex. alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolics such as flavonoidSome of these help defend land plants |
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| homologous cellulos walls |
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Definition
| found in diversity of algae, and walls of charophyceans. Cellulose manufacturing rosettes found in plasma membr of charopyceans an land prnts = more evidence of cell wall homology |
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| charophyceans are the only algae w/ their anti photoresp enzymes pckaged in peroxisomes, like plnts |
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| the algal plastid mst like plnt chloroplasts are those of green algae and algal grps such as euglenoids. The similarities include: chlorophyll b and beta carotene, and thylakoids stacked as grana. Thus charophyceans are closely related to land plnts |
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| these assemblies occur during cell division only in plnts and charophyceans |
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| mny plnts have flagellated sperm, which match charophycean sperm closely in ultrastruct |
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| have also compared key nuclear genes, such as those for ribosomal RNA and cytoskeletal proteins. This also connects charophyceans and plants to common ancestor |
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| focusing on the deepest phlogenetic branching w/in the phylogenetic branching within the plant kigdom to identify and name the plant clades (monophlyletic groups) |
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| is the name that has been proposed for this version of a plant kingdom |
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| this definition of plant includes chlorophytes |
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phylum Hepatophyta (liveworts) |
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| the group of liveworts, small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants |
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| the group of hornworts, small herbaceous (nonwoody plants0 |
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| a formal group of mosses. Bryophyte refers instead to the informal grp of mosses, liverworts, and horworts, nonvascular plnts that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants |
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| germinating moss spores typically produce a mass of green branch, one cell thick filaments known as a protonema. It has a large surface area, enhancing absorption of water and minerals |
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| W/ sufficient resources, a prtonema produces buds buds having tissue producing meristems. These meristems gernerate this mature gamete producing structure |
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| long tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses(. Not composed of tissue, dnt play a major role in water absorption |
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in a moss sporophyte gathers sugars, amino acids and minerals from parent gametopphyte via transfer cells |
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in moss sporophytes conducts these materials to the capsule, which uses the resources to produce spores |
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in moss sporophytes the site of meiosis and spore production wen it is immature, it is covered with a protective cap of gametophyte tissue (calyptra) upper prt of the capsule (peristome) specialized for gradual spore discharge |
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| vascular plants differ from bryophytes b/c tjeu jave a dominant sporophyte generation and branched sporophytes (independent of parental gametophytes) |
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| Pteridophytes are described as this b/c unlike gymnosperms and angiosperms, they dnt prodcue seeds |
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- modern vascular plants
- may have microphylls (small leaves) of megaphylls (larger leaves)
- seedless vascular plants
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| this sporophyte produces two kinds of spores: Megaspores (develop into femal gametophytes bearing archegonia) and microspores (develop into male gametophyes w/ antheridia) |
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- found on lycophyte sporphytes
- groups of specialized leaves which bear sporangia and are clustered to form club shaped cones
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lack true roots and leaves \believed to be closely related to ferns |
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| Sphenophytes (Horsetails) |
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- often brushy appearance
- closely related to ferns
- found in marshy places
- possess upright green stems androot bearing horizontal stems
- have large air canals
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- produced by ferns
- clusters of sporangia
- on the undersides of th green leaves
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