Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 29
Plant Diversity I: How plants colonized Land
61
Biology
12th Grade
02/04/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Four main groups of land plants
Definition

1. byrophytes:mosses

2. pteridophytes: ferns

3. gymnospers: pines and other conifers

4. angiosperms: flowering plants

Term
byrophytes
Definition

Mosses are destinguished from algae by sev features derived during evolutionary adaptain to living on land

Many adaptation=reproductive (byrophrytes' offspring develop from multicellular embryos that remain attatched to mom plant)

Term
vascular plants
Definition
includes the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
Term
vascular tissue
Definition
cells are joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body (most bryophytes lack this)
Term
pteridophytes
Definition
ferns that are sometimes called seedless plants, b/c there is no seed stage in their life cycle (gymnospers and angiosperms are seed plants, which facilitates reprod on land)
Term
seed
Definition
consists of a plant embyo packagaed along with a food supply within a protective coat
Term
gymnosperms
Definition
conifers, which developed from the first vascular plants w/ seeds (from the Devonian period) their seed were not enclosed by specialized chambers
Term
angiosperms
Definition

Flowering plants
Flower is a complex reprod structure that bears seeds w/in protective chambers called ovaries, unlike gymnospers

Term
charophyceans
Definition
land plnts share this only with the green algae that are their closes relatives.  Its plasma membrane is equipped with rose shaped arrays of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls
Term

Rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes

Definition

contrasts with the linear arrays of cellulose producing proteins characteristic of noncharophycean algae.

 

Term
peroxisomes
Definition
a 2nd derived homolgy in charophyceans and land plants is a match in these enzymes containe w/in organelles.  These are often closely associated with chloroplasts.
Term

phragmoplast

Definition

an alignment of cytoskeletal elements adn golgi derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell.
this is common only to land plants and most complex charophycean algae

vesicles from golgi ap.

cell plate formation

(this is a similiarity b.w plants and algae)

Term
apical meristems
Definition

localized regions of cell divisionat the tips of shoots and roots.  The growth in length of plants is sustained throughout its life by the activity of this region

 

Term
placental transfer cells
Definition

multicellular plant dependent empryos have these.

These cells are sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as ell, which enhance transfer of nutriets from parent to embyio

Term
sperm
Definition
in land plants that have flagellated sperm cells, the structure of the sperm closely resembles sperm of charoophyceans
Term
embryophytes
Definition
recognizes multicellular, dependent embryos as a derived characteristic common to the land plant clade.
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
life cycles of land plants: two multicellular body forms alternate, each form producing the other. This also evolved in various grps of algae, dsnt occur in the charophyceans This probably evolved indep as a derived charcteristic of land plnts
Term
gametophyte
Definition
haploid, have a single set of chromosomes (eggs and sperm)  Fusion of eggs and sperm--> diploid zygotes
Term
sporophyte
Definition
Mitotic division of the zygote produce this mulicellular sporophyte.  =diploid (two sets of chromosomes) Meiosis in a mature sporophyte produces haploid reprod cells called spores
Term
spore
Definition
reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism w/o fusing with another cell Mitotic division of a plant spore produces a new multicellular gametophyte
Term
sporopollenin
Definition
most durable organic material konwn, makes the walls of plant spores very tough and resistant to harsh environments (walled spores produced in sporagnia)
Term
Sporangia
Definition
found on the sporophyte generation of a plant, produce the spores
Term
spore mother cells
Definition
undego meiosis and generate the haploid cells
Term
gametangia
Definition
bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms produce their gametes w/in this multicellular organs ca
Term
archegonia
Definition
the female gametangia.  Each one is a vase shaped organ that produces a single egg cell and retains the egg within the base of the organ
Term
antheridia
Definition
male gametangia.  produces many sperm cells that are released into the environ when mature The sperm cells of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and some gymnospperms bear flagella and swim through water to eggs
Term
Cuticle
Definition
epidermis (outer cell layers) of leaves and other aerial parts of most land plants are coated with this.  It is a layer consisting of pollymers called polyesters and waxes
Term
stomata
Definition
the epidermis of leaves and other photsynthetic organs has these pores which support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 btwn outside air and leaf interior Where water exits leaves by evap
Term
xylem
Definition
tube shaped cells carry water and minerals up from roots. these cells are dead
Term
phloem
Definition
living tissue with nutrient conducting cells arranged ito tubes that distrib sugars, amino acids, adn other organinc prod throughout plnt
Term

secondary compounds

Definition

produced by land plants. Products of the secondary metabolic pathways

ex. alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolics such as flavonoidSome of these help defend land plants

Term
homologous cellulos walls
Definition
found in diversity of algae, and walls of charophyceans.  Cellulose manufacturing rosettes found in plasma membr of charopyceans an land prnts = more evidence of cell wall homology
Term
homologous peroxisomes
Definition
charophyceans are the only algae w/ their anti photoresp enzymes pckaged in peroxisomes, like plnts
Term
homologous chloroplasts
Definition
the algal plastid mst like plnt chloroplasts are those of green algae and algal grps such as euglenoids.  The similarities include: chlorophyll b and beta carotene, and thylakoids stacked as grana.  Thus charophyceans are closely related to land plnts
Term
Phragmoplats
Definition
these assemblies occur during cell division only in plnts and charophyceans
Term
homologous sperm
Definition
mny plnts have flagellated sperm, which match charophycean sperm closely in ultrastruct
Term
molecular systematics
Definition
have also compared key nuclear genes, such as those for ribosomal RNA and cytoskeletal proteins.  This also connects charophyceans and plants to common ancestor
Term
deep green
Definition
focusing on the deepest phlogenetic branching w/in the phylogenetic branching within the plant kigdom to identify and name the plant clades (monophlyletic groups)
Term
Kingdom Streptophyta
Definition
is the name that has been proposed for this version of a plant kingdom
Term

Kingdom Viridiplantae

Definition
this definition of plant includes chlorophytes
Term

phylum Hepatophyta (liveworts)

Definition
the group of liveworts, small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
Term
phlum Anthocerophyta
Definition
the group of hornworts, small herbaceous (nonwoody plants0
Term
phylum Bryophyta
Definition
a formal group of mosses.  Bryophyte refers instead to the informal grp of mosses, liverworts, and horworts, nonvascular plnts that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants
Term
protonema
Definition
germinating moss spores typically produce a mass of green branch, one cell thick filaments known as a protonema.  It has a large surface area, enhancing absorption of water and minerals
Term
gametophore
Definition
W/ sufficient resources, a prtonema produces buds buds having tissue producing meristems.  These meristems gernerate this mature gamete producing structure
Term
rhizoids
Definition
long tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses(.  Not composed of tissue, dnt play a major role in water absorption
Term
foot
Definition

in a moss sporophyte

gathers sugars, amino acids and minerals from parent gametopphyte via transfer cells

Term
seta
Definition

in moss sporophytes

conducts these materials to the capsule, which uses the resources to produce spores

Term
sporangium/capsule
Definition

in moss sporophytes

the site of meiosis and spore production

wen it is immature, it is covered with a protective cap of gametophyte tissue (calyptra)

upper prt of the capsule (peristome) specialized for gradual spore discharge

Term
branched sporophytes
Definition
vascular plants differ from bryophytes b/c tjeu jave a dominant sporophyte generation and branched sporophytes (independent of parental gametophytes)
Term
seedless vascualr plants
Definition
Pteridophytes are described as this b/c unlike gymnosperms and angiosperms, they dnt prodcue seeds
Term
Lycophyta (club mosses)
Definition
  • modern vascular plants
  • may have microphylls (small leaves) of megaphylls (larger leaves)
  • seedless vascular plants
Term
heterosporous
Definition
this sporophyte produces two kinds of spores: Megaspores (develop into femal gametophytes bearing archegonia) and microspores (develop into male gametophyes w/ antheridia)
Term
sporophylls
Definition
  • found on lycophyte sporphytes
  • groups of specialized leaves which bear sporangia and are clustered to form club shaped cones
Term
Psilophytes
Definition

lack true roots and leaves

\believed to be closely related to ferns

Term
Sphenophytes (Horsetails)
Definition
  • often brushy appearance
  • closely related to ferns
  • found in marshy places
  • possess upright green stems androot bearing horizontal stems
  • have large air canals
Term
sori
Definition
  • produced by ferns
  • clusters of sporangia
  • on the undersides of th green leaves
Supporting users have an ad free experience!