Term
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Definition
| above-ground parts of plants such as stems, leaves, and flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| seeds have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) |
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Term
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Definition
| monocotyledons; seeds with 1 cotyledon (seed leaf) |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that absorb water and dissolved minerals as they grown downward and outward in the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| anchor the plant and store food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| functions in photosynthesis, storage, and structural support of other tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| distributes water and mineral ions that the plant takes up from its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| covers and protects the exposed surfaces of the plants |
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Term
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Definition
| leaflike structures that contain food for a plant embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| region of undifferentiated cells that can divide rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| lengthen new soft plant parts |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the tips of shoots and roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal lengthening of young shoots and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| thickening of stems and roots over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce secondary growth that occurs when cells of a thin cylindrical layer divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| simple tissue that consists mainly of living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of parenchyma made up of only photosynthetic tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| simple tissue that consist of elongated cells which are alive in mature tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells which are variably shaped and dead at maturity that help tissues resist compression. |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct water and mineral ions from roots to plants |
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Term
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Definition
| part of xylem that is dead, forms conducting tubes, structural support. |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts sugars and other organic solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| sieve tube members are alive in mature tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| distribute sugars to all parts of the plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma cells in phloem that load sugars into the sieve tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
| first dermal tissue formed |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a single layer of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| shoot's main zone of primary growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dormant shoots of mostly meristematic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| xylem and phloem that are bundled together as long, multistranded cords in the same cylindrical sheath of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| thread lengthwise through the ground tissue system of all shoots. |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular bundles typically strengthened with fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fine extensions made of specialized cells |
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Term
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Definition
| greatly increase the surface area available for water, oxygen, and mineral absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from meristem cells; mainly xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| central column of conductive tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| primary root and all of its lateral branching |
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Term
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Definition
| adventitious roots and their lateral roots together |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral meristem that forms a cylinder, provides secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| the core of secondary xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| contributes up to 90% of the weight of some plants |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral meristem that forms and gives rise to periderm |
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Term
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Definition
| dermal tissue consisting of parenchyma and cork, as well as the cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary phloem and periderm |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all the living and dead tissue outside of the cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| component of bark with densely packed rows of dead cells whose walls are thickened with a fatty substance (suberin) |
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Term
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Definition
| dark and strengthened wood |
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Term
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Definition
| moist, still-functioning xylem between heartwood and the vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar-rich fluid found in sapwood xylem in spring |
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Term
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Definition
| type of shoot that supports upright growth and connects the leaves and flowers to the roots |
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Term
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Definition
| type of shoot that produces nutrients for the plant by photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| type of shoot which is a specialized reproductive shoot of angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaf-like structures that contain food for a plant embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| results in the secondary growth that thickens older stems and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| outer lateral meristem which gives rise to periderm |
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Term
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Definition
| primary xylem and phloem in a stem or leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the number, size, and volume of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which cells become specialized |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide that imparts flexibility to a collenchyma cell's primary wall |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound that structurally supports upright plants and deters some fungal attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| long, tapered cells that structurally support the vascular tissue in some stems and leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthen hard seed coats |
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Term
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Definition
| distribute sugars to all parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy substance present in plants that covers the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| replaces the epidermis in woody stems and roots |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal cuts along a stem or root radius |
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Term
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Definition
| cuts at right angles to the radius. |
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Term
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Definition
| cross section - cuts perpendicular to the long axis of a stem or root. |
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Term
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Definition
| one specific type of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of more than one type of tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| connect phloem from end to end. |
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Term
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Definition
| dormant shoots of mostly meristematic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| modified leaves that encase some buds |
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Term
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Definition
| located just beneath a terminal bud's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| cells divide continually during the growing season |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of stem where one or more leaves form |
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Term
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Definition
| the region between two successive nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma between vascular bundles and epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma inside the cylinder of the vascular bundle |
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Term
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Definition
| has leaves that wither and drop from their stems seasonally |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves that drop, but not all at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| also called stalk - attaches the blade to the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| undivided leaves, but many are lobed |
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Term
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Definition
| blades that are divided into leaflets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coating that restricts water loss from the sheetlike array of epidermal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath at the base of flat blades, around the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| positioned in depressions in the leaf surface that helps conserve water |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the upper epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| contains more chlorophyll than spongy mesophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| layer below palisade mesophyll, has less chlorophyll than palisade mesophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the primary root as it grows through the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the root which gives rise to all other parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| an array of parenchyma cells one or more layers thick around the vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
| form from adventitious roots |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of cells enclosing the pericycle |
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Term
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Definition
| grow outward from the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| thickens the girth of stems and roots in some plants |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a cylinder, a few cells thick, inside older stems and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| older, non-functioning vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues that form through a stem or root (tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma) |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct solutes through stems and roots, narow zone outside vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| small, rounded cells that divide perpendicularly to the axis of the stem, parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty substance in the walls of bark |
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Term
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Definition
| large-diameter, thin-walled cells |
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Term
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Definition
| small-diameter, thick-walled xylem cells, forms in dry summers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alternating bands of early and late wood |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels, tracheids, fibers in xylem, occur in temperate and tropical zones |
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Term
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Definition
| hickory, oak, and other eudicot trees |
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Term
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Definition
| weaker and less dense than hardwood, no vessels or fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stems that branch from the main stem of the plant, typically on or near the surface of the soil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fleshy, scaly stems that typically grow under the soil and parallel to its surface - main stem of the plant, primary storage tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| short section of underground stem encased by overlapping layers of thickened, modified leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened, modified leaves that contain starch and other nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened underground stem that stores nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure from which roots grow |
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Term
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Definition
| thickened portions of underground stolons, plant's primary storage tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthetic stems of cacti and other succulents. |
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