prokaryotes are the oldest, and structurally _____ forms of life

prokaryotes are ubiquitous. what's ubiquitous?

bacteria are aka ______

archaea are aka ______

simplest

ubiquitous: existing everywhere

eubacteria

archaebacteria

Prokaryotic Features:

unicellularity:

Cell Size:

Chromosome:

internal compartmentization:

flagella:

cell division:

genetic recombination:

unicellularity: Most are single celled. some form complex biofilms

Cell Size: Small. Less than 1um diameter.

Chromosome: single circular dsDNA. found in nucleoid.

internal compartmentization: no membrane bound organells.

flagella: Simple in structure; spin like propellers

cell division: Most divide by binary fission

genetic recombination: occurs through horizontal gene transfer

oxygenic

anoxygenic

In the plasma membrane of:

bacteria, lipids are ___

archaea, lipids are ____

(what types of linkages are there b/t lipids and glycerol?)

bacteria, lipids are unbranched

(ester linkage)

archaea, lipids are branched.

(ether linkage)

bacteria vs. archaea

Cell wall:

DNA replication:

Gene expression:

Cell wall: bacteria have peptidoglycan, archaea don't

DNA replication: archaea replication is like eukaryotes

Gene expression: archaea transcription and translation are like eukaryotes.

1. Photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic

2. Motile or nonmotile

3. Unicellular or filamentous

4. Formation of spores or division by transverse binary fission

5. Importance as human pathogens or not

1. Amino acid sequences of keys proteins
2. percent guanine-cytosine content
3. nucleic acid hybridization
4. ribosomal RNA sequencing
5. whole-genome sequencing

bacillus (rod shaped)

coccus (spherical)

spirillum (helical-shaped)

bacterial cell wall protects from ___ and ____

it consists of _____ which are polysaccharides cross-linked with peptides

Archaea do not possess peptidoglycan

Although, some have _____

the cell wall is the basis of the ___ ___

swelling and rupturing

peptidoglycan

pseudopeptidoglycan

gram stain

1. crystal violet applied
2. iodine applied
3. alcohol wash applied
4. safranin (red dye) applied

During the alcohol wash, the peptidoglycan (PG) will be dehydrated and keep the dye inside for the gram positive.

The thin layer in gram negative cells can not keep color in.

When safranin is applied, only gram negative will absorb the red dye.

gram positive : violet

gram negative: red

gram-positive:

thick PG

teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

gram negative:

THIN PG

outer membrain containing lipopolysaccharide

A rigid paracrystalline layer found in some bacteria and archaea

aids in attachment

a gelatinous layer found in some bacteria

Aids in attachment

protects from immune system

Short hairlike structures

found in gram negative bacteria

aids in attachment (fibriae) and conjugation

long, helical structures

composed of the protein flagellin

involved in locomotion

contains the single circular chromosome

may also contain plasmids

smaller than those of eukaryotes and differ in protein and RNA content

targeted by antibacterial antibiotics

invaginated cell membrane

for respiration or photosynthesis

highly resistant structures

release upon cell lysis

can germinate back to normal cell

Prokaryotes can't reproduce sexually. However, they can undergo ___ ____ ___

What are the 3 types of this?

horizontal gene transfer

1. conjugation
2. transduction
3. transformation

F+ cells:

F- cells:

F+ cells: contain the plasmid

produces an F pilus to connect to an F- cell

F- cells: doesn't contain the plasmid

The transfer of the F plasmid occurs through the ___ ___

???

conjugation bridge

is the F pilus the conjugation bridge?

The F plasmid can integrate into the ____ ___

Hfr cell stands for...

The F plasmid can also ____ itself by reversing the integration process

bacterial chromosome

high frequency of recombination

excise

Generalized transduction

occurs via accididents in the ___ cycle

____ package bacterial DNA and transfer it in a subsequent infection

______ gene can be transferred

lytic

viruses

Virtually any

specialized transduction

Occurs via accidents in the ____ cycle

imprecise excision of ____ DNA

___________ genes can be transferred

lysogenic cycle

prophage

only a few

natural transformation

occurs in many ___ species

DNA that is released from a ___ cell is picked up by another ____ cell

bacterial

DNA from DEAD cell is picked up by a LIVE cell.

Artificial transformation

accomplished in ___

Used to transform E. Coli for ___ ___

encode antibiotic resistance genes

ie. staphylococcus aureus

encode genes for pathogenic traits

ie. enterobacteriaceae

Mutations can arise _____in bacteria.

• can also be cased by ___ and ____

spontaneously

radiation and chemicals

growth of methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA)

and vacomycin resistant staph aureus (VRSA) show mutation and plasmids can do what?

acquisition of carbon

autotrophs:

heterotrophs:

energy:

chemolithotrophs:

phototrophs:

acquisition of carbon

autotrophs: from inorganic CO2

heterotrophs: from organic molecules

energy:

chemolithotrophs: from inorganic chemicals

phototrophs: from sunlight

examples of:

Photoautotrophs

chemolithoautotrophs

photoheterotrophs

chemoheterotrophs

(doesn't seem vital)

cyanobacteria

nitrifiers

purple and green nonsulfur bacteria

majority of prokaryotes

Type III secretion system

Found in ___-____ bacteria

used to transfer ____ proteins directly to host cells

---rest seems w/e----

Yersinia pestis:

pseudomonads:

gram negative

virulence

---

bubonic plague

plant pathogen

Tuberculosis

________ Tuberculosis

Afflicts ____ ____

MDR strain:

Mycobacterium

resperatory system

multidrug resistant strain

Dental caries (tooth decay)

plaque consists of ____ ___

streptococcus ferments sugar to ____ ___

tooth enamel ____

bacterial biofilms

lactic acid

degenerates

Peptic ulcers

Helicobacter pylori is the main cause

treated with ____

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Can pass from mom to baby via ___ ___

can cause ____ ____ ___ (PID)

birth canal

pelvic inflammatory disease

chlamydia

chlamydia trachomatis

"____ STD"

can cause ___ and ____ ___

"silent STD"

PID and heart disease

Syphilis

Treponema Pallidum

Can pass from mom to baby via ___ ___

4 distinct stages:

primary -

secondary -

tertiary -

quaternary -

birth canal

primary - chancre

secondary -rash

tertiary -latency

quaternary -heart and nerve damage

biofacteries that produce various chemicals

like insulin and antibiotics