Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 2
Educational Psychology - Chapter 2 Learning, Cognition, and Memory
70
Psychology
Graduate
11/19/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
learning
Definition
long-term change in mental representations or associations due to experience
Term
cognition
Definition
various ways of thinking about information and events
Term
cognitive process
Definition
particular way of mentally responding to or thinking about information or an event
Term
encoding
Definition
changing the format of information being stored in memory in order to remember it more easily
Term
neuron
Definition
cell in the brain or another part of the nervous system that transmits information to other cells
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
chemical substrate with which one neuron sends a message to another
Term
synapse
Definition
tiny space across which one neuron regularly communicates with another; reflects an ongoing but modifiable connection between the two neurons
Term
cortex
Definition
upper and outer parts of the human brain, which are largely responsible for conscious and higher-level human thought processes
Term
memory
Definition
ability to save something (mentally) that has been previously learned; also, the mental “location” where such information is saved
Term
storage
Definition
process of “putting” new information into memory
Term
retrieval
Definition
process of “finding” information previously stored in memory
Term
sensory register
Definition
component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time (perhaps one to two seconds)
Term
attention
Definition
focusing of mental processes on particular stimuli
Term
working memory
Definition
component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information
Term
rehearsal
Definition
cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it
Term
long-term memory
Definition
component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long time
Term
declarative knowledge
Definition
knowledge related to “what is”--that is, to the nature of how things are, were, or will be
Term
procedural knowledge
Definition
knowledge concerning how to do something (e.g., a skill)
Term
concept
Definition
mental grouping of objects or events that have something in common
Term
schema
Definition
general understanding of what an object or event is typically like
Term
script
Definition
schema that involves a predictable sequence of events related to a common activity
Term
theory
Definition
integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon
Term
examples of prominent behaviorists
Definition
B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov
Term
examples of prominent social learning theorists
Definition
Albert Bandura, Dale Schunk, Barry Zimmerman
Term
examples of prominent information processing theorists
Definition
Richard Atkinson, Richard Shiffrin, John Anderson, Alan Baddeley, Elizabeth Loftus
Term
examples of prominent constructivists
Definition
Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, John Bransford, Giyoo Hatano
Term
examples of prominent sociocultural theorists
Definition
Lev Vygotsky, Barbara Rogoff, Mary Gauvain, Jean Lave
Term
general description of behaviorism
Definition
focus on two things that researchers can observe and measure: people’s behaviors (responses) and the environmental events (stimuli, reinforcement) that precede and follow those responses
Term
general description of social learning theory
Definition
focus on the ways in which people learn from observing one another
Term
general description of information processing theory
Definition
focus on the cognitive processes involved in learning, memory, and performance
Term
general description of constructivism
Definition
some focus on how individual learners create knowledge through their interactions with the environment (individual constructivism) while others emphasize that by working together, two or more people can often gain better understandings than anyone could gain alone (social constructivism)
Term
general description of sociocultural theory
Definition
focus on the social, cultural, and historical contexts in which children grow up have profound influences on thinking, learning, and effective instructional practice
Term
You are moving through a lecture with students at a brisk pace. Many students keep asking you to repeat what you are saying and ask, “Can you please slow down?” The next day, students cannot recall anything you have discussed in your lecture. Using your understanding of the model of human memory, explain these students’ behaviors and performances.
Definition
Think about…

input, sensory register, attention, working memory, cognitive processing, long-term memory
Term
Your students are all reading the same article. When you ask them to orally summarize the setting and describe the scene, students give widely varying responses. You find that many students use information to draw logical but incorrect inferences. Using what you know about learning as a constructive process, explain why students have given such widely varying responses.
Definition
Think about…

learning, implicit learning, explicit learning, general theoretical approaches to the study of learning, cognition, cognitive processes, encoding, prior knowledge
Term
rote learning
Definition
cognitive process in which learners try to remember information in a relatively uninterpreted form, with little or no effort to make sense or attach meaning to it
Term
meaningful learning
Definition
cognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already know
Term
rehearsal
Definition
repeating something over and over
Term
Johnny is studying for his vocabulary test. He decided he will remember the words best if he can memorize the by repeating the words and definitions over and over. What type of learning is Johnny partaking in?
Definition
Rote learning / rehearsal
Term
elaboration
Definition
learners embellish on new information based on what they already know
Term
organization
Definition
learning find connections among various pieces of information they need to learn by arranging the new information in a logical structure
Term
visual imagery
Definition
learners form a mental picture of objects or ideas to retrieve information in long-term memory
Term
Silvia is learning Chinese. She learns that the Chinese word for “house” is “fáng”. In order to remember this, Silvia pictures a house with fangs growing on its roofs and walls. Which process of long-term memory is Silvia using?
Definition
visual imagery
Term
What are the three processing to engage in meaningful learning?
Definition
Elaboration
Organization
Visual Imagery
Term
automaticity
Definition
ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task / well practiced knowledge or skills (ex: 2+2=4 or riding a bike)
Term
Tommy is naturally good at math and can perform simple addition quickly and effortlessly. For example, Tommy knows that 2 + 2 = 4 without counting or using a calculator. Tommy has achieved _________ with his simple addition skills.
Definition
automaticity
Term
learning strategy
Definition
intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular learning task
Term
knowledge base
Definition
a person’s existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in general
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
the tendency to seek out information that confirms rather than discredits one’s current beliefs
Term
retrieval cue
Definition
stimulus that provides guidance about where to “look” for a piece of information in the long-term memory
Term
reconstruction error
Definition
construction of a logical but incorrect “memory” by combining information retrieved from one’s long-term memory with one’s general knowledge and beliefs about the world
Term
retrieval failure
Definition
inability to locate information that currently exists in long-term memory
Term
decay
Definition
weakening over time of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently
Term
Prior knowledge activation
Definition
Process of reminding learners of things they have already learned relative to a new topic
Term
Conceptual understanding
Definition
Knowledge about a topic acquired in an integrated and meaningful fashion
Term
Wait time
Definition
Length of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student’s comment, before saying something
Term
Mnemonic
Definition
Memory aid or trick designed to help students learn and remember a specific piece of information.
Term
Verbal mediator
Definition
Word or phrase that forms a logical connection or “bridge” between two pieces of information.
Term
Keyword method
Definition
Mnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects (keywords) that either sound similar to, or symbolically represent, those ideas
Term
Superimposed meaningful structure
Definition
Familiar share, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information in order to facilitate recall.
Term
Conceptual change
Definition
Revision of one’s understanding of a topic in response to new information.
Term
Learning disability
Definition
Deficiency in one or more specific cognitive processes despite relatively normal cognitive functioning in other areas.
Term
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Definition
Disorder marked by inattention, inability to inhibit inappropriate thoughts and behaviors, or both.
Term
Strategies for promoting effective cognitive processes
Definition
Remember how the human memory system works, encourage effective long-term memory storage, promote retrieval, monitor students’ progress.
Term
Strategies for classroom practices that take into consideration how the human memory system works
Definition
Grab students’ attention, keep in mind the limited capacity of working memory, relate new ideas to students’ prior knowledge and experiences, accommodate diversity is background knowledge, provide experiences on which students can build
Term
Strategies for encouraging effective long-term memory storage
Definition
Present questions that encourage elaboration, show how new ideas are interrelated, facilitate visual imagery, give students time to think, suggest mnemonics
Term
Strategies for promoting retrieval
Definition
Provide opportunities to practice knowledge and skills, give hints to help students recall or reconstruct what they’ve learned
Term
Strategies for monitoring students’ progress
Definition
Informal and formal assessments, regularly assess students’ understandings, identify and address misconceptions, focus assessments on meaningful (not rote) learning, be on the look out for students who have unusual difficulty with certain cognitive processes
Term
You just introduced a new topic in your sophomore biology class and you notice that the students seem to be resorting to rote learning rather than meaningful learning. How can you encourage more meaningful learning?
Definition
Think about….

Prior knowledge activation, accommodating diversity in students’ background knowledge, providing experiences on which students can build
Term
You are teaching your middle school students about the Great Lakes but the class is having trouble remembering the names of the lakes. How might you use mnemonics to assist them in remembering this specific piece of information?
Definition
Think about….


Effective long-term memory storage, facilitating visual imagery, suggesting mnemonics, common mnemonic techniques

HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)
Term
In physics, Tony has learned that velocity is the product of acceleration and time. He decides this can be remembered by using the formula (v = a x t). Which type of meaningful learning has Tony utilized?
Definition
organization
Supporting users have an ad free experience!