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Chapter 2
Test One
102
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2013

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Term
What are some important things for classification?
Definition
Morphology, cell wall structure, metabolic characteristics
Term
What are some shapes of bacteria (morphologies)?
Definition
Spherical, rod-shaped, comma-shaped, spiral
Term
What is a: spherical, rod-shaped, comma-shaped, and spiral bacteria called?
Definition
Coccus/cocci; bacillus/bacilli; vibrio/vibrios; spirillum/spirilla
Term
What are some mixtures of morphologies? What is it called when that happens?
Definition
Ovoid coccus: coccusbacili / coccoid
Pleiomorphic
Term
What are some multicellular organizations of bacteria?
Definition
Hyphae, mycelia, trichomes
Term
Hyphae
Definition
Branching filaments of cells
Term
Mycelia
Definition
Tufts of hyphae
Term
Trichomes
Definition
Smooth, unbranched chains of cells
Term
What are some arrangements of bacteria?
Definition
Staphylo, strepto, diplo, tetrad, single
Term
Staphylo arrangement
Definition
Grape-like clusters
Term
Stepto arrangement
Definition
Chain-like clusters
Term
Diplo arrangement
Definition
Packages of two
Term
Tetrad arrangement
Definition
Packages of four
Term
Single arrangement
Definition
By themselves
Term
What is the average size of bacteria?
Definition
0.5-5 micrometers
Term
What is the size of a small eukaryotic cell?
Definition
Greater than 5 micrometers in diameter
Term
What are the exceptions to the general size of a bacterium?
Definition
Thiomargarita namibienis, Epulopiscium fishelsoni
Term
Thiomargarita namibienis: size
Definition
Up to 700 micrometers in diameter
Term
Epulopiscium fishelsoni: size
Definition
200-700 micrometers by 80 micrometers
Term
What is the size of some mycoplasma cells?
Definition
0.2 micrometers in diameter
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
Originally categorized as "blue-green algae," but DNA showed these were actually bacteria -> had to be renamed.
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
No membrane; not the nucleus
Stores DNA
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Made of protein & ribosomal RNA
Not membrane-bound
Where translation occurs
Term
Bacteriophylls
Definition
Pigments that convert sunlight energy to chemical energy
Term
What is an organism that utilizes bacteriophylls?
Definition
Cyanobacteria
Organisms with bacteriophylls are usually found in water
Term
What is the purpose of gas vesicles?
Definition
Means of mobility / buoyancy in water
Allows bacteria to stay where the water is warm (which changes between night & day)
Term
What is the structure of gas vesicles?
Definition
Rigid, hollow, spindle-shaped protein
They vary in L&W depending on the organism and are only permeable to gas
Term
Where are gas vesicles located?
Definition
In the cytoplasm
Term
Curing
Definition
Bacteria lose their plasmids after subculturing 4-5 times; must go back to the original culture (to avoid mutations / metabolic alterations)
Term
Lypholize
Definition
Freeze-drying cells (original culture, especially) to keep them
Term
What is the cytoplasmic membrane and what does it contain in bacteria & archaea?
Definition
Thin structure that surrounds the cell
Phospholipid bilayer 6-8 mm thick
Highly selective permeable barrier separating cytoplasm from the environment
Term
What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?
Definition
Enables concentration of specific metabolites and excretion of waste products
Term
Endotoxins
Definition
Part of the bacteria's outer membrane
Term
Exotoxins
Definition
Made in the cell and released into the environment
Term
Primary infection
Definition
The first infection that makes you sick
Term
Secondary infection
Definition
The second infection that sneaks in while your body is fighting the primary one
Term
Mycology
Definition
Studies fungi
Term
Bacteriology
Definition
Studies bacteria
Term
Virology
Definition
Studies viruses
Term
Parasitology
Definition
Studies parasites
Term
Microbiology subsets
Definition
Mycology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology
Term
Bacteria cell wall
Definition
Semigrid peptidoglycan cell wall
NAG & NAM
Term
Bacteria cell membrane
Definition
Ester linkages bond fatty acids to glycerol
Term
Gram positive bacteria
Definition
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Less complex
Term
Gram negative bacteria
Definition
Thin peptidoglycan layer (2-3 nm), inner membrane, and outer membrane
More complex
Term
Murein layer
Definition
Peptidoglycan cell wall
B/c "nam"
Term
What is the bacteria cell wall made of?
Definition
Polymer of interlocking chains of identical peptidoglycan monomers
Term
What is the polymer of the cell wall made of?
Definition
NAG & NAM chains joined by NAM's glycan tetrapeptide.
Peptide bridge will vary from organism to organism
Term
What is the function of the cell wall?
Definition
Gives it shape; prevents osmotic lysis
Term
Lysozyme
Definition
Breaks bonds between NAG & NAM
Most prevelant in tears
Term
Transpeptidase
Definition
Adds new monomers and reseals the cell wall
Term
Resident bacteria
Definition
Embedded in skin
Term
Transient bacteria
Definition
On the surface
Term
Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane composition
Definition
Phospholipids, lipoproteins
Lypopolysaccharides (LPS), varying proteins
Term
Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane function
Definition
Adds strength, triggers innate response (inflammatory, faver, phagocytosis)
Term
Composition of the outer layer of the outer membrane (gram negative bacteria)
Definition
Lipid A (endotoxin) embedded in the membrane
Cure and O-specific polysaccharide portion extending outward
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The engulfing of stuff
Macrophages, neutrophils
Term
Mordent
Definition
Something that holds things together
Term
Gram-negative: semipermeable outer membrane proteins
Definition
Differ with species / strain
Activities: enzymes, adhesins, invasins
Term
Periplasm
Definition
Between outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and the cytoplasmic (inner) membrane
Contains enzymes
Term
What enzymes does the periplasm contain?
Definition
Hydrolytic enzymes for nutrient breakdown
Binding proteins to facilitate nutrient transfer
Chemoreceptors for chemotaxis response
Term
Gram Positive Cell Wall Composition
Definition
Thick peptidoclycan wall (20-80 nm) interwoven with teichoic acids, and proteins
Term
Teoichoic acids
Definition
Extend through the cell wall (G+)
Acidic polysaccharides
Term
Lipoteichoic acids
Definition
Associated with lipids in cell membrane
Term
Simple stain
Definition
Single stain used
Term
Complex (aka differential) stain
Definition
Multiple stains used
Primary and Secondary (Counter) stain
Term
Single stain examples
Definition
Methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin (red color)
Term
The gram stain is complex. What are the two stains?
Definition
Primary: crystal violet
Secondary: safranin
Term
Gram variable
Definition
Organism doesn't stain appropriately
Difficult OR 24+ hours old
Term
How do structures on the surface of bacterial cells allow for complex interactions with the environment?
Definition
Motility from flagella
Term
Flagella
Definition
Spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface (location / number varies from species to species)
Term
Leifson stain
Definition
Stains specifically for flagella; makes it look like a pencil line
Term
Using dark-filed / phase-contrast microscopy
Definition
Hanging drop slide
Term
Motility Test Medium (MTM)
Definition
Can stain with TTC
Inoculate; if flagella, the rest of the medium becomes turbid
Term
Hanging drop
Definition
Can actually see the flagella move
Term
Brownian movement
Definition
Movement without direction
Caused by random bumpings and such, not flagella movement
Term
Swarming
Definition
How flagella cause bacteria to move in a solid medium (agar)
Term
Three pieces that make flagella
Definition
Filament of multiple flagellin proteins (5-10 micrometers long)
Hook protein portion that connects filament to the basal body
Basal body (disc-like structure; produces torque)
Term
Proton Motive Force (PMF)
Definition
Energy to spin the flagella is derived from this
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Flagella in the periplasm
Spin -> rotates entire cell body like a corkscrew
Term
Nonflagellar motility
Definition
Gliding
Twitching (via pili)
Term
What bacteria glide?
Definition
Myxobacteria, cyanobacteria
Term
What bacteria use the twitching motion?
Definition
N. memingitidis, P. aeruginosa
Term
What else (not flagella things) is on the outside of a bacteria cell?
Definition
Adherence molecules (e.g.,pili posses proteins on their tips for sticking)
Term
Capsules
Definition
Thick layer of polysaccharides surrounding some cells
Term
What does a capsule do?
Definition
Provides adhesion, defense against host immunity, protection against drying out
Term
Desication
Definition
Drying out
Term
What does a capsule look like under a microscope?
Definition
Seen as a halo - any non-colored section around an organism after staining
Term
Biofilms
Definition
Provide protection & survivability in harsh environments
Term
Sporulation
Definition
Production of spherical dormant or "resting" stage
Can remain dormant & viable indefinitely
Term
Endospores: function
Definition
Resistant to heat, chemicals, dehydration, pressure
Requires sterilization to kill them
Term
Staining endospores
Definition
Do not stain with routine stains
Schaeffer-Fulton or fluorescent stain
(Gram MAY indicate presence)
(also: transmission electron microscope)
Term
What morphologies are particularly disease causing?
Definition
Cocci, bacilli, and spiral
Term
Clinically important genera for endospores
Definition
aerobic Bacillus
obligate anaerobic Clostridium
Term
Sizes of endospores (useful for identification)
Definition
Spherical, subspherical, oval
Term
Location of endospores (useful for identification)
Definition
Central, terminal, subterminal
Term
Endospore structure
Definition
Exosporium thin protein layer
Peptidoglycan cortex layer
Core (DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes)
Term
How do they form?(I think this is the proper way to ask this...er...)
Definition
Dipicoloric acid core and calcium stabilizes the DNA and reduces water availability
Term
How does the Schaefer-Fulton stain work?
Definition
Dipicoloric acid binds to it; high concentration in endospores
Green (b/c of malachite green) endospores. Red vegetative cell.
Term
Thermoactinomyces sacchari
Definition
Isolated from a 9,000 year old sedimate sample
Possibly the oldest living organism
"Farmer's lung"
Term
Farmer's lung
Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonia
Exposure to inhaled thermophillic actinomycetes
Term
Thermophillic actinomycetes
Definition
T. sacchari
T. vulgaris
T. viridis
Saccharoplyspura rectivigula
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