Term
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Definition
- The Y chromosome determines "maleness".
XX = female XY = male
- The sry gene is located on the Y chromosome (sex determining region of the Y chromosome) which initiates male development around week 6 of embryonic development. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Under the influence of the sry gene the undifferentiated gonad becomes male, femaleness is considered a default pathway, meaning that Ovaries develop in the absence of the sry. A female (XX) can develop male genitalia if the sry gene is transferred to the X chromosome (during crossing over in Meiosis). |
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Term
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Definition
- Secreted by the differentiated gonad. Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), secreted by the Sertoli cells of the Testes, causes regression of the Mullerian ducts that develop into the Oviducts and Uterus.
- Testosterone masculinizes the internal and external genitalia (that develop from the Wolffian ducts). This also effects brain
development. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains Ductus Deferens, vessels, nerves, Cremaster muscle (which elevates the testes, is continuous with the Internal Oblique muscle of the abdomen). |
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Term
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Definition
| The diploid cells that undergo meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Help form the blood-testis barrier (immune protection), and support sperm development. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Located within the lobules of the testes. Area of sperm production (i.e. meiosis). |
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Term
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Definition
| - Lies on posterior testes. Region of storage and maturation of sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Travels with in the spermatic cord, then through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity, loops over the Urinary Bladder towards its posterior surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Travels from the Seminal Vesicle to the Urethra, enters the Prostate gland below the Urinary Bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Common pathway for both Reproductive and Urinary Systems. Originates in the Prostate. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Secrete the liquid portion of Semen. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Lie on the posterior bladder along its base. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Surrounds the proximal Urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Lie below the Prostate gland at the floor of the pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
- A mixture of sperm and fluids from the accessory glands and Seminiferous tubules, is slightly alkaline.
- Sperm counts below 20 million/ml are associated with infertility (sterility). |
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Term
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Definition
- Male copulatory organ
- Composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue. |
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Term
| Corpus Spongiosum Penis - |
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Definition
| The smaller, mid-ventral mass that contains the Urethra. |
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Term
| Corpora Cavernosa Penis (X2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Usually contains the External Urethral Orifice (Meatus)
- Covered by foreskin (Prepuce) |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of the Prepuce. |
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Term
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Definition
- Female gonads, produce ovum (egg)
- Located in the posteriolateral pelvis, below the pelvic brim.
- Held in place by various ligaments.
- Produces estrogen, progesterone. |
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Term
| Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes = Oviducts |
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Definition
- Transport ova to the Uterus.
- The lateral end opens into the peritoneal cavity = Infundibulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Finger-like projections that extend from the Infundibulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow, medial 1/3. Attaches to the superiolateral angle of the Uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The widest, longest portion where fertilization usually takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Over 80% of the cases are associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Early diagnosis associated with the Pap smear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines the Uterine cavity. Shed during menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| The permanent layer that gives rise to the inner layer after menstruation. |
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Term
3 layers of the Uterus
a. Perimetrium -
b. Myometrium -
c. Endometrium - |
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Definition
a. Visceral, outer layer.
b. Middle layer that consists of three layers of smooth muscle. Thickest layer.
c. Vascular, inner layer. Two layers. |
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Term
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Definition
- Female organ of copulation.
- Passageway for menstrual flow and child birth.
- Fornix = Region around the Cervix.
- Vaginal orifice = Opening to the external environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region around the Cervix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region over the Pubic Symphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous to the Scrotum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers the Vestibule, homologous to the spongy urethra. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area containing the hymen, external urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and glands that aid in sexual intercourse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small mass of erectile tissue that lies anterior to the junction of the Labia Minora. Homologous to the penis. |
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Term
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Definition
- The area between the thighs and buttocks in both males and females.
- Contains external genitalia and the anus. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of milk secreting glands. |
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Term
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Definition
Secretion and ejection of milk.
- Milk passes through a series of ducts and sinuses before being ejected from the nipple. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pigmented region surrounding the nipple. Designed for attachment and suckling. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anterior Pituitary gland hormone that initiates and maintains milk secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A posterior Pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the release of milk in response to suckling. Also induces Uterine contractions during child birth. |
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Term
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Definition
- Released by Leydig cells in response to Luteinizing Hormone (LH is secreted by the anterior Pituitary gland).
- Along with Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH is another anterior Pituitary gland hormone) Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis.
- Causes male differentiation in utero, and descent of the Testes before birth.
- Involved in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, i.e. muscular and skeletal growth, extra hair growth, enlarged Larynx.
- Increases sex drive (libido).
- Increases protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
- Secreted by the follicle cells in the Ovary.
- Initiated by FSH secretion reacting with Primordial Cells.
- Promote the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, i.e. fat deposition in the breasts and hips.
- Increases protein synthesis and lowers cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
- This is mainly secreted by the Corpus Luteum, along with estrogens.
- Helps prepare the Endometrium for implantation. |
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Term
| Female Reproductive Cycle |
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Definition
1. Primordial Follicles begin to develop during Menses (FSH stimulation.
- The oocyte has been in stasis (in Prophase 1) since the individual was a fetus. Meiosis (Oogenesis) continues as this cell start to develop. The cell proceeds with meiosis to Metaphase 2.
2. One follicle cell (usually) develops faster than the others to become the Mature (Graafian) follicle. Around day 14 of development, the Mature follicle ruptures, releasing the secondary oocyte (the egg that is in Metaphase 2) into the pelvic cavity = Ovulation.
3. The Mature follicle develops into the Corpus Luteum. The developing follicle cells have been producing estrogens which stimulate the production of the Stratum Functionalis.
The Corpus Luteum secretes Progesterone and Estrogens which continue to stimulate the development of the Stratum Functionalis.
4. If no fertilization occurs, the Corpus Luteum degenerates into the Corpus Albicans. Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease, menses follows and the cycle is repeated.
5. If Fertilization occurs:
- The oocyte completes Oogenesis to become the Ovum.
- Sperm and ovum unite to become a Zygote (polar bodies are released which are reabsorbed by the body).
- As implantation occurs (approx. 8 days after ovulation), cells surrounding the embryo secrete Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). HCG stimulates the Corpus Luteum to continue producing hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
- The leading cancer related cause of death in men.
- The Prostate gland, surrounding the proximal Urethra, becomes enlarged, tender and its surface becomes irregular. Determined by digital exam.
- As this gland swells, the Prostate cells release more Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). The level of PSA can be evaluated by blood test to determine Prostate disorders.
- Incidence increases after 40 y/o. |
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Term
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Definition
- Second leading cause of death from cancer in American women, after Lung Cancer.
- Incidence increases after menopause.
- Early detection is the best way to increase the survival rate. |
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Term
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Definition
- Infection with the fungi Candida albicans. Leads to vaginitis.
- Assoc. with severe itching, yellow discharge and yeasty odor.
- Often the result of Superinfection (Infection that follows antibiotic use.). |
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Term
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Definition
- STD caused by the bacteria N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus).
- Symptom usually appear quicker and more severely in males.
- Males: Urethritis, pus discharge, painful urination.
- Females: Salpingitis, pus drainage.
- Can be transmitted to the new borne in the birth canal, can cause blindness.
- Treatment does not impart immunity. |
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Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Definition
- Infection of the pelvic organs.
- Low back pain and pelvic pain.
- Can lead to salpingitis and infertility.
- Over 50% of PID cases are assoc. with the gonococcus. |
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Term
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Definition
- STD caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, a spirochete.
- Chancre = A painless open lesion associated with the early stages of Syphilis.
- Assoc. with latency periods = asymptomatic periods where the bacterium is very difficult to identify.
- Effects the Nervous System in its final stage, leading to degenerating mental status and death. |
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Term
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Definition
| A painless open lesion associated with the early stages of Syphilis. |
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