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| the informal name of mostly unicellular eukaryotes (also colonial and multicellular species) |
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| absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles |
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| combine photosynthesis and heteroptropic nutrition |
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| (fertilization)=fusion of gametes to form a zygote |
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| makes haploid spores by meiosis |
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| makes haploid gametes by meiosis |
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| have one set of chromosomes |
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| are diploid, two copies of each chromosome |
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| hypothesis of endosymbiosis |
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| mitochondria and plastids (cloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that started living within larger host cells |
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| a cell that lives within a host cell |
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| chracterized by unique morphology of their cytoskeleton |
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| include protists with modified mitochondria to unique flagella |
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| Excavata: Diplomonads and parabasalids |
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| Live in anaerobic env, lack plastids, and have modified mitochondria |
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| have modified mitochondria calle dmitosomes |
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| derive energy anaerobically (i.e. glycolysis) |
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| have two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella |
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are often parasites, example: giardia intestinalis-causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiosis
one of the most common intestinal parasites in the world |
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have reduced mitochondria calle hydrogenosomes
generate some energy anaerobically, release hydrogen gas as a by product |
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includes trichomonas vaginalis-sexually transmitted parasite
causes trichomoniasis, can cause irritation in reproductive tract |
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diverse clade of protists, includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.
Main distinguishing feature: a sprial or crystalline rod of unkown function inside their flagella |
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| Excavata: Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids |
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| have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast |
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| Excavata: Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids |
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| includes fre eliving consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems. Parasites of animals, plants, and other protists |
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| Excavata: Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids |
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includes Trypanosoma
causes: sleeping sickness
vector= african tsetse fly
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Chagas' diseas, another pathogenic trypanosome
causes congestive heart failure
vector=blood sucking insecuts |
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| Excavata: Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids |
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| surface proteins change across generations hard for the immune system to destroy |
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| Excavata: Euglenozoans: Euglenids |
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Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell
typically rod-shaped and common in freshwater |
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| monophyletic supergroup based on whole-genome DNA sequence analysis |
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SAR clade: Stramenopiles
Stramen= flagellum
piles= hair |
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most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum
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| SAR clade: Stramenopiles: diatoms |
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| unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide. Two parts overlap like a shoebox |
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| SAR clade: Stramenopiles: diatoms |
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major component of phytoplankton
"wandering plant"
small photosynethic organisms that float in water in both oceans and lakes- most abundant photosynthetic organisms |
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| SAR clade: Stramenopiles: diatoms |
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| fossilized walls compose much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth- filtering medium |
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| include two other groups of algae, golden and brown |
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| membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane, function of these sacs is unkown. perhaps stabilize cell surface or regulate water and ion content |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: dinoflagellates |
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| diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs, heterotrops, and mixtrophs |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: dinoflagellates |
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characterstic shape enforced by internal plates of cellulose
two flagella in perpendicular grooves make them spin as they move through the water |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: Dinoflagellates |
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| internal cellulose plates |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: Dinoflagellates |
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blooms are cause of toxid "red tides"
appear red due to carotenoid pigments |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: apicomplexans |
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| parasites of animals, some cause serious human disueses. most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion. |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: Apicomplexan |
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the _________ plasmodium causes malaria
two hosts: mosquitos and humans
Continuously changes surface proteins like trypanesomes |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: Ciliates |
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| Named for their use of Cilia to move and feed |
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| SAR Clade: Alveolates: Ciliates |
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Two types of nuclei
macronuclei (large)- contain multiple copies of each gene, genes control everyday functions
Micronuclei (small)- function during conjugation, sexual process that produces genetic variation, cells exchange haploid micronuclei, separate from reproduction (binary fission) |
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| many species are amoebas, which move and feed by pseudopodies (extensions that bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface. they anchor the tip of the pseudopod and crawl forward as cytoplasm streams into it) |
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| have thread like pseudopodia, often in hard tubes |
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| SAR Clade: Rhizarians: Foraminiferans |
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| named for porous, generally chambered "shells", called tests (made of calium carbonate) |
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| SAR Clade: Rhizarians: cercozoans |
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| heterotrophs or mixotrophs, often predators, feed w/ pseudopodies, have flagella, highly diverse, not yet adequately characterized |
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| SAR Clade: Rhizarians: radiolarians |
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delicate, usually made of silica. ingult microorganisms through phagocytosis.
pseudopodia radiate from central body, thin, semipermanent pseudopodia are called axopodia |
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this supergroup includes animals, fungi, and some protists.
the root of the ukaryotic tree (remains unclear) |
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| amoeba with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia |
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| Unikonta: amoebozoans: tubulinids |
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| large and varied group of amoebas, pseudopodia are lobe or tube shaped, common unicellular amoebozoans in soil as wlel as freshwater and marine env. most are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacter and other protists. |
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| Unikonta: amoebozoans: entamoebas |
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parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates, at least six species are parasites of humans
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what does entamoeba histolytica cause in humans?
spread via contaminated water and food |
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| Unikonta: amoebozoans: Slime Molds |
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once thought to be fungi, both have fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal
convergent evolution |
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| many species are birghtly pigmented, usually yellow or orange. at one point in the life cycle, plasmodial slime molds form a mass called a multinucleate plasmodium. |
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