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Definition
| Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time. |
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Definition
| A permanent alteration in genetic material, includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences. |
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Definition
| The relative reproductive success of an allele or genotype as compared to other alleles or genotypes |
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Definition
| The possession of a trait that coincidentally predisposes an organism for survival in an environment different from those encountered in its evolutionary history;may occur because a natural population carries a huge quantity of genetic variability |
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Definition
| An evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat over many generations |
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| A composite of all the forces that cause differential survival and differential reproduction among genetic variants (artificial selection vs. natural selection) |
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Definition
Genetic changes in populations of organisms through time that lead to differences among them
Genetic differences are heritable |
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Definition
| Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time |
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Definition
Parasite needs to
-encounter the host
-survive in the host |
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Definition
Host needs to
- avoid encountering parasite
-get rid of parasite |
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Definition
| Species have to evolve to merely stay in the same place, as parasite evolves, host evolves as well |
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Definition
Produce more eggs and sperm
- high reproductive potential
- asexual reproduction
- hermaphroditism
- self fertilization |
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| Morphological adaptations |
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Definition
-size
-attachment organs: suckers, hooks and spines, penetration organs and cysts
-loss of anatomical structure: organs of sense, locomotion, digestion, etc. |
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Definition
-Energy metabolism: catabolic pathways are usually reduced or modified in many parasites
-nutrient uptake: there is an elaboration of transport mechanisms |
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Term
| Immunological adaptations |
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Definition
-absorption of host antigen
-antigen variation
-occupation of immunologically privileged sites
-disruption of the host's immune response
-molecular mimicry
-loss of masking of surface antigens |
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Term
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Definition
-reduction in the extent of free-living phase of the life cycle
-behavioral responses to locate favorable environments
-responding to chemical stimuli from their host
-changing the behavior of the infected intermediate host to increase the chances of them being eaten by final host |
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Term
| Advantages of infection of secondary and tertiary hosts |
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Definition
1. Increased reproductive potential since asexual reproduction can happen in intermediate host
2. Increases the range of parasite in space and time
3. The parasite can survive periods when one host is temporarily scarce
4. Channel the parasite to the definitive host |
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Definition
| Groups, ranging from subspecies and species to the increasingly inclusive genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdom and domains |
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Definition
| Study of scientific classification, ordering and naming organisms Does not investigate the evolutionary histories or consider their environmental adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
Study of classification and biological diversity, within an evolutionary context.
Seeks to understand the origin of diversity at all levels of classification
More things than taxonomy |
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Term
| Phylogenic systematics (cladistics ) |
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Definition
Methodology used by systematists to infer a species evolutionary history
-relies on shared derived character states |
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Definition
| An evolutionary hypothesis of the origin and diversification of a taxon |
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Definition
| A group of organisms that includes an ancestor an all descendants of that ancestor |
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Definition
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Definition
| A related taxon chosen for the purpose of comparison |
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Definition
| Internal branch point that represents the common ancestor |
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Definition
| Two descendants that split from the same node |
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Term
| Homologous character (vs. analogous) |
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Definition
| A character is similar in two taxa because heir common ancestor had that character |
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Definition
A similar character that has the same function but different evolutionary origin
Ex. The wing |
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Definition
| I similarity not due to homology ruling from convergence, parallelism or reversal. |
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Definition
Ancestral characters present in both the in group and out group
-un informative character |
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Definition
Derived character, evolutionary novelty, spent only in one taxon of the in group
-un informative character |
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Definition
Shared derived characters that set a taxon apart from related taxa and their most recent common ancestor
-informative character |
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Definition
| New, something not shared by out group |
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Definition
| A group of taxa that includes a hypothetical ancestral taxon and all its descendants |
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Definition
| A group of taxa that includes a hypothetical ancestor but does not include all the ancestor's descendants |
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Definition
| A group of taxa that do not share a most recent common ancestor |
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