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Definition
| Molecules that raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower its pH numerically. |
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| one of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA. |
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Definition
| Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP. |
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| Organic molecule having an amino group and an acid group, which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules. |
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Definition
| Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. |
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| Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus. |
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| Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. |
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| Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells. |
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Definition
| Molecules that lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically. |
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| Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes to a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. |
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| Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C. |
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| Class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
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| Polysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls. |
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| complementary paired bases |
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Definition
| In DNA, T pairs with A, G pairs with C. In RNA, U pairs with A, and G pairs with C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance having two or more different elements united chemically in a fixed ratio. |
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Definition
| Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons. |
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Definition
| One of four nitrogen bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA. |
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Definition
| Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule. |
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Definition
| Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less-than-optimal pH or temperature. |
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Definition
| Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide. |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus of an atom. |
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Definition
| Substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom. |
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Definition
| Breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier. |
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Definition
| Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids; found in adipose tissue. |
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Definition
| Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group. |
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Definition
| Six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration. |
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Definition
| Storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches. |
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Definition
| One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine. |
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Definition
| Iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that combines with and transports oxygen. |
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| Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another, or between parts of the same molecule. |
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Definition
| Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other. |
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Definition
| Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. |
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Definition
| Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is non-polar. |
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Definition
| Charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge. |
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Definition
| Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges. |
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Definition
| One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but a different atomic mass due to the number of neutrons. |
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Definition
| Class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble only in nonpolar solvents such as alcohol; includes fats and oils. |
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Definition
| Extremely large biological molecule, refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and complexes of these. |
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Definition
| An atom's quantity of matter. |
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Definition
| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Definition
| Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
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Definition
| A unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules. |
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Definition
| Unit of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound. |
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Definition
| Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. |
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Definition
| Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon. |
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Definition
| Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
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Definition
| Membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. |
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Definition
| Substance, usually of plant origin and liquid at room temperature, formed when a glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway in which electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen, and often contains oxygen as well; organic molecules are associated with living things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, and often oxygen. |
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Definition
| Five-carbon sugar. Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar found in DNA; ribose is a pentose sugar found in RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids. |
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Definition
| Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell's membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails. |
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Definition
| Measurement scale for hydrogen ion concentration. |
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Definition
| Combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically. |
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Definition
| Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
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Definition
| Polymer made from sugar monomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiant energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty-acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
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Definition
| Storage polysaccharide found in plants; composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains. |
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Definition
| Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance having an attached radioisotope that allows a researcher to track its whereabouts in a biological system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fats, occurring naturally in meat and dairy products, that are also industrially created through partial hydrogenation of plant oils and animal fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base in RNA that replaces thymine found in DNA; pairs with adenine. |
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