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Chapter 28 & 29 Evolution
Chapter 28 & 29 Evolution
50
Biology
10th Grade
05/17/2011

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Term
What is evolution?
Definition
- Changes in living organisms over time
- Explains how modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Term
What has the fossil record shown us?
Definition
- Many creatures that lived in the past don’t exist today
- The creatures alive today haven’t always been around
- Many creatures in the past looked like living ones we see today
Term
Populations are ....
Definition
a mix of different individuals
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Nature selects the ones that “fit” the environment better … survive & reproduce
Term
unity of life
Definition
similarities between all living things
Term
diversity of life
Definition
wide variety of different creatures on Earth
Term
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Definition
- Developed ideas on how evolution works
- How did creatures change over time
- Many different birds on the Galapagos Islands.

- Natural selection
Term
Darwin’s Theory
Definition
- Overproduction
- Competition
- variation
- adaptation
Term
overproduction
Definition
Produce more offspring than can survive to reproduce
Term
Competition
Definition
Living space & food are limited creating competition among species
Term
Adaptation
Definition
Inherited trait that improves chances of survival & reproduction in a particular environment
Term
Structural adaptations
Definition
Involve body
E.g. wings, fins, webbed feet, etc
Term
Physiological adaptations
Definition
Involves metabolism
E.g. spider web protein, venom, etc.
Term
Protective adaptations
Definition
Camouflage
Blend into environment
E.g. flounders blend into ocean floor
Term
Warning coloration
Definition
Easy to see, bright colors, warning that may be poisonous
E.g. poison dart frog,
Term
Mimicry
Definition
Look like another organism
E.g. Viceroy butterfly looks like inedible monarch butterfly
Term
Types of adaptation (5)
Definition
- Structural
- physiological
- protective
- warning
- mimicry
Term
Speciation
Definition
Formation of a new species due to build up of variations from natural selection
Species – group of interbreeding organisms that can produce fertile offspring
Term
Evidence supporting evolution (4)
Definition
- fossil record
- anatomical record
- molecular record (DNA, proteins)
- artificial selection (human caused)
Term
Homologous structures
Definition
Structures that come from the same origin but have different functions.
(human hands and cats front paws)
Term
Analogous structures
Definition
same function different structure & development
(bird and bug wings)
Term
Vestigial Organs
Definition
Structures that are no longer functional, but were functional in an ancestor
E.g. human appendix
Term
Comparative embryology
Definition
- Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story - similar structures during development
- the longer the embryos look alike the more closely related they are.
Term
Molecular record
Definition
Comparing DNA & protein structure
Term
Artificial selection
Definition
we can recreate a similar process
Term
Selective Breeding
Definition
Humans create the change over time by choosing which animals to breed.
Term
Unexpected consequences of artificial selection
Definition
Pesticide resistance
Antibiotic resistance
Term
Modern Theory of Evolution
Definition
-Combines Darwin’s idea of natural selection with genetics
- change in allele frequency of a population over time
Term
Population genetics
Definition
study of changes in the genetic makeup of populations.
Term
Population
Definition
group of organisms of the same species living together in a given region and capable of interbreeding
Term
Gene pool
Definition
total of all alleles present in the population.
Term
Where does the variation in populations come from?
Definition
Mutations
Term
Where does the variation in populations come from?
Definition
Sexual Reproduction
New combinations of alleles arise during sexual reproduction
From crossing over, independent assortment, etc.
Term
Where does the variation in populations come from?
Definition
Migration
When individuals move in or out of a population they bring in or remove alleles from the population
Greatest effect on small populations
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
Change in the gene pool of a small population that is brought about by chance.
Decreases variation in gene pool and harmful to population.
Two types:
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Term
Genetic equilibrium
Definition
Condition where allele frequencies in a population don’t change from generation to generation (no evolution)
Term
Hardy-Weinberg's theory of why evolution may occur.
Definition
Conditions
Large population
Random mating
No migration
No mutations
No natural selection
Evolution will occur if one or more of the following conditions change.
Term
Types of Natural Selection
Definition
- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive
Term
Directional natural selection
Definition
Extreme phenotype selected for
May be due to change in environment, migration to new area
E.g. long neck giraffe
Term
Stabilizing natural selection
Definition
Average phenotype selected for, less variation
Most common
E.g. medium mouse
Term
Disruptive Natural Selection
Definition
Extreme phenotypes selected for
Creates two subpopulations
E.g. light tan & dark brown crabs
Term
Isolation
Definition
– anything that prevents two groups within a species from
Geographic
Occurs when population is divided by natural barrier,
e.g. mountain, desert, river, etc.
Reproductive
Loss of ability to interbreed
Could be due to differences in courtship behavior, mating times, structure of sex organs, etc.
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
Sudden speciation due to abnormal meiosis
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
Species evolves into a number of different species, each occupying a new environment
Term
Types of speciation
Definition
- isolation
- polyploidy
- adaptive radiation
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition
Unrelated species that resemble on another due to natural selection
Term
Coevolution
Definition
Two or more species evolving because of cooperation or competition
Term
Extinction
Definition
Disappearance of an entire species
Can’t survive to reproduce
Harmful genetic traits become widespread
Mass extinctions – natural events that drastically change climate
Term
Rate of Evolution
Definition
Gradualism - Evolution occurs slowly and continuously over thousands and millions of years
- Punctuated Equilibrium - Species remain the same (in equilibrium) for long periods of time, then go through a short period of evolution (few hundred or thousand years)
-
Term
Origin of Life – Heterotroph Hypothesis
Definition
Primitive atmosphere was hot & contained hydrogen, ammonia, methane, & water vapor
Earth cooled, oceans formed, & were full of organic molecules
Simple organic molecules formed
Primitive cell membranes formed
Anaerobic prokaryote appear
Photosynthetic prokaryotes appear
Oxygen in atmosphere increased, ozone layer formed, dominant organisms perform aerobic respiration
Eukaryotes appear
endosymbiosis
Multicellular eukaryotes appear
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