Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a substance that is toxic by nature, no matter how it gets into the body or how much is taken? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a substance that has some therapeutic effect when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to describe the extent to which any given drug is present in sufficient amounts to produce the desired result? |
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Definition
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Term
| What describes the point when the bioavailability of a given drug has decreased to 50%? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to describe how a drug is removed from the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are medical emergencies caused by toxic agents such as poison? |
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Definition
| Toxicologic Emergencies 1325 |
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Term
| What 2 general headings do toxicologic emergencies usually fall under? |
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Definition
| Intentional or Unintentional 1325 |
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Term
| What are the four primary methods of entry for a toxin? |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection, and Absorption 1327 |
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Term
| What are 2 of the most common sources of poisoning by ingestion? |
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Definition
| Medications around the home and Household Chemicals 1327 |
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Term
| What are the syndrome-like symptoms of any given class or group of poisonous agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 major toxidromes that exist? |
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Definition
| Stimulants, Narcotics, Cholinergics, Anticholinergics, Sympathomimetics, and Sedative/Hypnotics 1329 |
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Term
| What are amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, diet aids, nasal decongestants, and bath salts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are heroin, opium, morphine, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), fentanyl, oxycodone-aspirin combination (Percodn), zolpidem tartrate (Ambien), and secobarbital? |
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Definition
| Narcotic (opiate and opioid) 1329 |
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Term
| What are pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are phenobarbital, diazepam (Valium), thiopental, midazolam (Versed), and lorazepam? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are acephate (Orthene), diazinon (Basudin, Knox Out, Spectracide), and malathion (Celthion, Cythion), parathion, sarin, tabun, VX? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are atropine, scopolamine, antihistamines, and antipsychotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is broadly defined as the self-administration of either licit or illicit substances in a manner not in accord with approved medical or social practice? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, economic, legal, or social harm to the user or to others affected by the drug user's behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a psychological dependence on a drug or drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a physiologic state of adaptation to a drug, usually characterized by tolerance to the drug's effects and a withdrawal syndrome if the drug is stopped, especially if it is stopped abruptly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the emotional state of craving a drug to maintain a feeling of well-being? |
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Definition
| Psychological Dependence 1331 |
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Term
| What is a physiologic adaptation to the effects of a drug such that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a predictable set of signs and symptoms, usually involving altered CNS activity, that occurs after the abrupt cessation of a drug or after rapidly decreasing the usual dosage of a drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance resulting in physical, psychological, or social harm to the user, who continues to use the substance despite the harm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is something that counteracts the action of something else and has an affinity for a cell receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the enhancement of the effect of one drug by taking it with another drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the action of two substances, such as drugs, in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the independent effects of the two substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most widely abused drug in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Americans regularly consume alcohol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a state of physical and psychological addiction to ethanol? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Americans have alcoholism? |
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Definition
| Slightly more than 10% 1333 |
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Term
| How much can alcoholism decrease a persons life span? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an inflamed stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is easy bleeding and poor clotting ability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a severe withdrawal syndrome seen in people with alcoholism who are deprived of ethyl alcohol and can be fatal if untreated? |
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Definition
| Delirium Tremens (DTs) 1335 |
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Term
| What is a naturally occurring alkaloid that is extracted from the Erythroxylon coca plant leaves found in South America? |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to the combined use of heroin and cocaine simultaneously? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a class of drugs that increase alertness and excitation (stimulants) and includes methamphetamine (crank or ice), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, Adam), and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Eve, ecstasy)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is problematic because it is a low cost, long-acting (up to 12 hours) stimulant that is extremely addictive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the destruction of muscle tissue leading to a release of potassium and myoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the dried leaves and flower buds of the Cannabis sativa plant that are smoked to achieve a high? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish? |
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Definition
| Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol 1338 |
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Term
| What is an illicit drug consisting of a blend of synthetic cannibinoids; it can produce delirium and short and long-term psychotic effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a substance that causes some distortion of sense perception-seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not actually present? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is crossing of the senses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eyes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a drug used to reduce anxiety, calm agitated patients, and help produce drowsiness and sleep (CNS depressants)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a potent sedative-hypnotics historically used as sleep aids, antianxiety drugs, and as a part of the regimen for seizure control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is in the family of sedative-hypnotics most commonly used to treat anxiety, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What exert their effects by stimulating the gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways, resulting in sedation, reduced anxiety, and relaxation of striated muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the generic term for opiates and opioids, drugs that act as a CNS depressant and produce insensibility or stupor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are various alkaloids derived from the opium or poppy plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a synthetic narcotic not derived from opium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a drug that produces sleep or altered mental status? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 major divisions have narcotics historically been classified? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are a major component in many insecticides used in agriculture and in the home? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are acephate (Orthene), diazinon (Basudin, Knox Out, Spectracide), and malathion (Celthion, Cythion), carbamates, warfarins, and pyrethrumus (Raid)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What exert their toxic effects at junctions (synapse) of the nerve cells of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the SLUDGE mnemonic stand for associated with cholinergic excess? |
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Definition
| Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric upset, and Emesis 1344 |
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Term
| What causes more poisoning deaths than any other toxic substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used in industry for electroplating, ore extraction, and fumigation of structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the most rapid-acting and deadly poisons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What crucial cellular enzyme does cyanide combine with and in turn blocks the utilization of oxygen at the cellular level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the classic odor on the patient's breath that is highly suggestive but is not diagnostic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the prehospital treatment to displace cyanide from the cytochrome oxidase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an antidote used to treat methemoglobinemia, that may occur during the treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What includes strong acids (pH <2.0) and strong alkalis (pH >12.0)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the most common caustic exposures in the agricultural setting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "do not's" for caustic ingestions? |
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Definition
| Neutralizing Substance, Induce Vomiting, Gastric Lavage, or Activated Charcoal 1348 |
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Term
| What is an endogenous metabolite of gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neuromuscular involved with sleep cycles, memory retention, and emotional control? |
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Definition
| Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 1349 |
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Term
| What year did the US FDA ban GHB from OTC sales? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a lack of a will to resist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a potent benzodiazepine that is also used to facilitate sexual assault? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the form of alcohol consumed by humans in alcoholic beverages? |
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Definition
| Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol 1349 |
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Term
| What are poisonous alcohols manufactured for industrial or nongastronomic purposes? |
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Definition
| Methyl Alcohol and Ethylene Glycol 1349 |
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Term
| What is present in paints, paint removers, windshield washer fluids, varnishes, antifreeze, and canned fuels such as Sterno? |
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Definition
| Methyl Alcohol (Wood Alcohol or Methanol) 1349 |
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Term
| What is a colorless, odorless liquid found in a variety of commercial products, including antifreeze, coolant, deicers, polishes, and paints? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the estimated lethal dose of ethylene glycol? |
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Definition
| 2 mL/kg or as little as 150 mL in the average adult 1350 |
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Term
| What are compounds made up principally of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with most, but not all, obtained from the distillation of petroleum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hydrogen fluoride (HF) that has been placed into an aqueous solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a highly toxic, colorless gas that is usually identified by it distinctive rotten-egg odor? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) 1352 |
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Term
| What are the group of gases known as nitrogen oxides? |
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Definition
| Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide 1352 |
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Term
| What is colorless or brownish at room temperature and has a sweet smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is colorless or brownish and is generally described as having a harsh odor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are a group of drugs used to treat severe depression and manage pain? |
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Definition
| Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) 1353 |
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Term
| What drug has a small therapeutic window? |
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Definition
| Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) 1353 |
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Term
| What is a psychiatric medication used primarily to treat atypical depression by increasing norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the CNS? |
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Definition
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) 1354 |
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Term
| What is a class of antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin? |
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Definition
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 1354 |
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Term
| What is an idiosyncratic complication that occurs with antidepressant therapy in which patients have lower extremity muscle rigidity, confusion or disorientation, and/or agitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many patient's with serotonin syndrome will require intubation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cornerstone drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an aspirin-like drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 primary variables in the clinical presentation of salicylate overdose? |
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Definition
| Patient's Age, Dose Ingested, and Duration of the Exposure 1355 |
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Term
| What is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in a variety of plants such as tea leaves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the family of drugs that theophylline, caffeine, and theobromine belong to? |
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Definition
| Methylated Xanthines 1356 |
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Term
| What is a major cause of mortality and morbidity from lead poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a disease of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the leading cause of chronic metal poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of acute metal poisoning and the second leading cause of chronic metal poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be used as chelating agents to bind many heavy metals and promote excretion by the body? |
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Definition
| British anti-Lewisite 1358 |
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Term
| What is a common houseplant that resembles "elephant ears"; ingestion leads to burns of the mouth and tongue and, possibly, paralysis of the vocal cords and nausea and vomiting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common houseplant that contains caladium oxalate crystals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a perennial flowering shrub with clusters of red berries that can lead to serious and even fatal poisoning? |
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Definition
| Lantana, Red Sage, or Wild Sage 1358 |
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Term
| What is a seed that contains the poison ricin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a plant that contains cardiac glycosides used in making digitalis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the variety of factors determines whether a mushroom ingestion will produce toxic results? |
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Definition
| Age, Season, Amount, and Preparation 1360-1361 |
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Term
| What 3 toxins produce roughly 35% of all food-related deaths? |
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Definition
| Salmonella, Listeria, and Taxoplasma 1361 |
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Term
| What is an extremely deadly toxin that is usually the result of improper food storage or canning? |
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Definition
| Clostridium Botulinum 1361 |
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