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| Somatic cells(body cells) |
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Definition
| bone, blood, nerve, and muscle cells. |
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| cells that have two copies of the genome. |
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| cells that have one copy of the genome (Sperm and Egg cells) |
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| diploid cells that replicate themselves as well as give rise to differentiated cells. Enable a body to develop, grow, and repair damage. |
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| cells that lack a nucleus (archaea and bacteria) |
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| the structure that contains the DNA in the cells of non-Prokaryotes. |
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| all organisms whose cells contain nuclei. |
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| structures in eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions. |
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| proteins that are found in all three domains of life that are essential for protein synthesis. |
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| macromolecule, sugars and starches. |
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| macromolecule, fats and oils. |
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| proteins that catalyze biological reactions in order to sustain life. |
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Definition
| outer boundary of a cell. |
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Definition
| material that fills in a cell besides the organelles, nucleus, and outer boundary. |
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Definition
| takes genetic information out of the nucleus, used to make proteins |
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Definition
| helps mRNA to make proteins. |
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Definition
| interconnected membranous tubules and sacs on which protein synthesis occurs. |
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Definition
| saclike organelles that carry proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. These do not transport lipids because vesicles are made of lipids. |
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Definition
| processing center; stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs. Proteins and sugars are created here. |
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Definition
| membrane-bounded sacs that take care of waste in the cell (bacteria, worn out organelles, etc.) |
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| sacs with outer membranes that are studded with enzymes in order to break down various chemicals. Found largely in the liver and kidney cells. |
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| organelles that provide energy by breaking down nutrients from foods. |
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Definition
| molecules that extend from the plasma membrane to fit and hold molecules outside the cell. |
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Definition
| molecule that binds to the receptor which sets into motion various functions of the cell. |
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| meshwork of protein rods and tubules that molds the distinct structures of a cell, positioning organelles and providing three dimensional shape. |
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Term
| Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| three elements of cytoskeletons that are distinguished by protein type, diameter, and how they aggregate into larger structures. |
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Definition
| form of cell division that gives rise to two somatic cells from one. |
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| series of events that describes the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for division and then divides. |
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| one of two major cell stages; stage in which cell is NOT DIVIDING |
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| division of the interphase in which cell maintains its specialized characteristics but does not replicate its DNA or divide. |
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Definition
| division of interphase that follows mitosis and wherein the cell resumes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. |
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Definition
| phase that occurs after the DNA has been replicated, but before mitosis begins. |
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Definition
| phase in which cell replicates its entire genome. |
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| area wherein two copies of each chromosome are joined. |
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Definition
| structure that pulls the chromosomes apart. |
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Definition
| microtubule structures that form centrosomes. |
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| formed by centrioles; form the spindle. |
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Definition
| two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome. |
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Definition
| first stage of Mitosis; DNA coils tightly. |
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Definition
| follows prophase, chromosomes attach to the spindle at their centromeres and align along the center of the cell, which is called the equator. |
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Definition
| follows metaphase, the plasma membrane indents at the center, where the metaphase chromosomes line up. |
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Definition
| final stage of mitosis, cell looks like a dumbbell, spindle falls apart, nucleoli and membranes around the nuclei re-form. |
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Definition
| chromosome tips, function like fuses, gradually shortens with each mitosis until it is short enough to signal the cell to cease mitosis. |
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| molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the cell’s interior. |
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Definition
| precise sequence of interactions among the proteins that connect cells. An example is inflammation. |
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Term
| Stem cells and progenitor cells |
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Definition
| renew tissues so that as the body grows or loses cells, other cells are produced that take their places. |
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Definition
| characteristic that makes a stem cell a stem cell—its ability to continue making cells that can divide to give rise to another cell like itself. |
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Definition
| not actually cells from an embryo—they are created in a laboratory dish. Source of human stem cells. Use certain cells from a region of a very early embryo called an inner cell mass. |
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Term
| Induced pluripotent stem cells |
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Definition
| somatic cells that are “reprogrammed” to differentiate into any of several cell types. |
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