Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 27
Nutrition whateva!
34
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/09/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Nutrition
Definition
includes all of those processes by which an animal takes in, digests, absorbs, stores and uses food(nuitireints) to meet metabolic needs
Term
Digestion
Definition
is the chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of food into particles that individual cells of animals can absorb
Term
Macronutirents
Definition

Carbohydrates- sugar/starches, glucose, glycolysis

Lipids

protiens

Term
Micronutrients---> 1. vitamins and 2. minerals
Definition

Vitamins

-water soluble or fat soluble

-

minerals

-calcium potassium sodium (macrominerals)

-iodine, iron, zinc ( microminerals)

Term
How many vitamins do humans need for good health?  How do we categorize these vitamins?
Definition

water soluble (B, C, volic acid)

Fat soluble ( A, D,E, K)

 

we catogize them into fat and water soluble ..duh

Term
Why do we need iron, iodine, zinc, potassium, sodium and calcium
Definition

Iron- red blood cells??

iodine- thyroid (iodine deficiency = gloier! hahah)

zinc-

potassium-

sodium-

calcium- bones

Term
intracellular digestion
Definition
enzymes break down food in food vacuole after getting into the cell through endocytosis. digested in the cell
Term
extracellular digestion
Definition
emzymes break down food outside the cell in the gut cavity
Term

Feeding mechanisms

1. Feeding on particulate matter (what does?)

Definition

Suspension-feeding (use cilliated surfaces to draw food to their mouths and mucus sheaths to convey food to their digestive tracts)

 

deposit-feeder (worms, the yingest sediment and digest nutrients and then pass their remains throug hthe anus

filter-feeder (form of suspension feeding ,, they have devices that strain food from water) whales??

Term

Feeding Mechanisms-->

2.  Feeding on solid food masses (what does?)

Definition

Herbivory- gastropod radula, insects, mandables pitcher mouth parts in insects

Predation-mammals, animals feeding on eachotehr

Term
Suspension-feeding
Definition
most suspension-feeders use ciliated surfaces to draw food into their mouths and mucous sheets to convey food particles to their digestive tracts
Term
Filter-feeding
Definition

is a form of suspension-feeding

filterfeeders have devices that strain food

Term
Deposit-feeding
Definition
deposit-feeders ingest large quantities of sediment (soil, mud, sand), digest nutreitns and pass the remains out of the anus
Term
Herbivory
Definition

herbivores consume plants or unicellular algae

 

various modicfications of mouthparts associated with herbivory

-mandibles of herbivorous insects

-gastropod radula

-beak-like jaws of cephalopds

Term
Predation
Definition

numerous adaptations for procuring and manipulating solid food

Classifiction of predtors is BASED ON HOW THEY OBTAIN PREY

Motile stlkers, lurking predators (toad waits), sessile opportunists, grazers

Term
Fluid-feeeding
Definition

1.  many insects are phytophagous (feed on plant fluids)

-butterflies

-moths

-aphids

2.  Many parasites are fluid-feeders

-mosquitoes

-leeches

-hookworms (2 spp. affect humans-live n intestine) (nematodes)

-sea lamprey (jawessfish- suck ut bodily fluids and some tissues a problem in the great lake, thy have a monified mouth part to suck the inards out gross tongues)

Term
Gastrovascular cavity
Definition

large central cavity of cnidarians and flatworms that recives and digests food

 

has a SINGLE opening serving as both mouth and anus

 

invertabrates (cnidarian, flatworm

 

Term
complete digesitve tract
Definition

complete, 2 openings

 

nematode

anelids

insects (specialization)

arthropods

Term

Tongues functions in

lamprey

frog

chameleon

fish

woodpecker

Definition

lampreys- modified teeth around lips, tounge has teeth adapted to attatch to fish, tear off flesh, sucking out body content

frog- long toung

chameleon-extends out of body some distance to obtain prey items

bony fish- not muscular tonge teeth on tone to hold prety othen manipultate brin to back of throat

woodpecker- to peck out insects on the surface of a tree

Term

dentition

snakes

mammal dog

mammal deer

beaver rodent

elephant

human

Definition

snakes-teeth posteriorly curved

mammal dog- large canines

mammal deer-no cannines large molars ((most mammals heterodont)

beaver rodent-large gap between front teeth and back, long curved front teeth, DIASTAMA

elephant-tusks, insizers teeth

human

 

heterodont** having a series of teeth specialized for different functions

Term
CROP
Definition

Is the lower portion of esophaagus expanded, continuously processing food, store food in crop to get digested as needed, HIGH METABOLIC ACTIVITY

 

Term
Gizzard
Definition

muscular grinding organ, contains grit or stones ingested by bird, because birds no teeth, get mechanical breakdown of food entering in

 

reptileswth gizzard- alligator and crocodile

Term

Ruminant digestive tract- cows, sheep, elk, bison, water buffalo, goats, giraffes, caribou and deer are RUMINANTS

 

what is unique to their digestive tract

Definition

4 chambered stomach

1 Rumen- microorganism start break down here

2 Reticulum- pulpy mass, regurgitate and chew CUDhasn't been broken down

 

from the reticuum the cud does steps one adn two again and then goes on to the third part o stomach

3 osmasum

4aboasum (true stomach) with digestive enzymes

Term
mouth
Definition
AMYLASE and STARCH begin processing food here, 4 saliva glands to moisten food, easier to swwallow
Term
Esophagus
Definition

muscular contractions

PERISTALSIS moves food throug htract, transport tube, back of throat to stomach no digestion here, muscular contractions to move material result in peristalsis moves material throug heven against GRAVITY!

Term
Stomach
Definition

muscular organ, churning HCL and PEPSIN

pepsiN is a digeistive protien

Term
Small intestine
Definition

part way into pelvic cavity

MOST nutrients abosrbtion CHEMICAL DIGESTION

Term
CECUM
Definition

between small and large intestine,

APPENDIX comes from cecum or in some way relates... vestigal organ

Term
large intestine (colen)
Definition
-bacteria synthesize vitamin K , vitamin K is a clotting factor , salts reabsored, water, rectum, anal canal, anus
Term
ACCESSORY ORGANS
Definition

food does not pass through them

 

liver, gall bladder and pancreas

Term
salivary glands
Definition
 release amylase, in mouth which starts the digestion process and makes food easier to swallow
Term
liver
Definition

produces BILE main funcition

acts on fats or lipids

EMULSIFIES prepares fats to be CHEMICALLY DIGESTED

Term
Gall bladder
Definition

store and concentrate bile

-if you have it removed, limit fat intake for a while

Term
pancreas
Definition

produces DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND SODIUM BICARBONATE to NUETRALIZE acidic secretions in small intestines

endocrine funcion and digestive function

 

 

-released into small intesine neutralied acidic content of small intestine

Supporting users have an ad free experience!