Term
| What is the major advantage of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did all the variation come from? |
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Definition
Mutations!
Changes in structure or amount of DNA
Chromosomal
Gene |
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Term
| Are mutations harmful or beneficial? |
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Definition
Both!!
Harmful
Mutations can stop or slow protein production, cause overproduction, or impair function of proteins
E.g. Sickle Cell Anemia
Beneficial
E.g. mutation in CCR5 gene protects against HIV
Neither
E.g. change in DNA that still codes for the same amino acid |
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Term
| Can mutations be passed on to offspring? |
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Definition
Yes and no!
Mutations in gametes
Mutation in somatic (body) cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes to part of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
Addition or loss of a whole chromosome
Due to chromosomes not separating properly during meiosis
E.g. trisomy 21 |
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Term
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Definition
Cells have an entire extra set of chromosomes
Chromosome number is a multiple of the normal number
E.g. 3n, 4n, 5n,
Can be beneficial in plants – sometimes producing larger fruits |
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Term
| How can chromosomal disorders be detected? |
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Definition
1. amniocentesis
2. chorionic villus sampling
3. ultra sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes to some of the bases (A,T,G,C) in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
change to ONE letter (base) in the DNA
may cause change to protein, may not
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Silent mutation = no change to protein
Nonsense mutation = change to STOP
Missense mutation = changes amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
addition or deletion of a letter (base) in the DNA sequence
[image]
both of these shift the DNA so it changes how the codons are read
big changes to protein!
Add or delete one or more bases
changes the meaning of the whole protein |
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Term
| Types of Frameshift Mutations |
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Definition
Addition = add one or more bases
Deletion = lose one or more bases |
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Term
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Definition
| Visually shows the presence or absence of a particular trait in each generation of a family. |
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Term
| Don't forget to study how to do pedigrees |
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Definition
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Term
| We have been manipulating DNA for generations! |
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Definition
Mating organisms with desirable traits
Winning racehorse fathers many foals.
dog breeding
Breeding two species
Donkey x horse = mule (stronger & more resistant to disease) |
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Term
| What is genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| Technology to alter the DNA of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
find gene
cut DNA in both organisms
paste gene from one creature into other creature’s DNA
insert new chromosome into organism
organism copies new gene as if it were its own
organism reads gene as if it were its own
organism produces NEW protein: Remember: we all use the same genetic code! |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes that cut DNA
DNA “scissors”
leave “sticky ends”
used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses
cut DNA at specific sites
enzymes look for specific base sequences |
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Term
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Definition
Cut other DNA with same enzymes
leave “sticky ends” on both
[image]
can glue DNA together at “sticky ends” |
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Term
| Uses of genetic engineering |
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Definition
1. Protect crops from insects
2. Extend growing season
3. Improve quality of food
4. correct genetic defects |
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Term
| Why do scientists use bacteria for genetic engineering? |
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Definition
Bacteria are great!
one-celled organisms
reproduce by mitosis
easy to grow, fast to grow
generation every ~20 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
small extra circles of DNA
carry extra genes that bacteria can use
can be swapped between bacteria
bacterial sex!!
rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance
can be picked up from environment |
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Term
| applications of biotechnology |
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Definition
- Cloning
- gel electrophoresis - A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like material using an electrical field
- Evolutionary relationships
- paternity |
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