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Chapter 26 Bio 2
Phylogeny and tree of life
33
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2015

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Term
What is phylogeny?
Definition
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
ordered division and naming of organisms, linnaeus is important because of 2 naming species
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
2 part scientific nameing of a speies
Term
How to name an organism
Definition
1st part of the name is genus, 2nd part is called specific epithet
Term
Hierarchal classification
Definition

broad to narrow

the broader taxa are not comparable between lineages 

Term
Taxon
Definition
a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
Term
what do systematics do
Definition
decpict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees
Term
What we can/ cannot know
Definition

phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity

phylogenetic trees do not indicate when a species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage

we should not assume that a taxon evolved from a taxon next to it

Term
homologies
Definition
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
Term
sorting homology from anology
Definition

more complex a structure is the more likely homologic

homoplasies

molecular data, molecular similarities

Term
homology
Definition
similarity due to shared ancestry
Term
analogy
Definition
similarity due to convergent evolution
Term
cladistics
Definition
groups organisms by a common descent
Term
clade
Definition
group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its decendants
Term
monophyletic
Definition
a valid clade, consists of the ancestor species and all its descendents
Term
paraphyletic
Definition
consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants
Term
polyphyletic
Definition
consists of various species with different ancestors
Term
shared ancestral character
Definition
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
Term
A shared derived character
Definition
is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
Term
characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup
Definition

are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor

 

Term
maximum parsinomy
Definition
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events
Term
phylogenetic analysis
Definition
allows to predict features of ancestors from features of its descendents
Term
gene duplication
Definition

increases the number of genes in the genome providing more opportunities for evolutionary change

 like homologous genes duplicated genes can be traced to a common ancestor

Term
gene families
Definition

repeated gene duplications result in gene families

 

Term
orthologous genes
Definition
found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species diverge only after speciation occurs
Term
Paralogous genes
Definition
gene duplication not homologic
Term
Molecular clock
Definition
uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change
Term
To extend molecular phylogenies beyond the fossil record
Definition
we must make an assumption on how change occurs over time
Term
neutral theory
Definition

most evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness not influenced by natural selection

changes in these should be like a clock very regular

Term
Problems with clock
Definition

does not run as smoothly

dna changes favor one over other

use of multiple genes may improve estimates

have a degree of uncertainty

Term
horizontal gene transfer
Definition
movement of genes from one genome to another
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