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| - The belief that the principles of beauty are applicable to other arenas of thought.
-In epistemology, it attempts to integrate truth and beauty.
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| -Literally, from what is latter.
-Generally, refers to the belief that knowledge is dependent on experience and past learning. |
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| -Literally, from what is prior.
-Refers to the presumed capacity to discern truths through intellectual insights with minimal dependence on past experience and past learning. |
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| Emphasizes the variaeties of descriptive modes applicable for most phenomena. For example, a sunset may be described in the language of physics, anthropology, psychology, or any variety of other disciplinary languages. |
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| One of the most common tests of truth. Reference to books, institutuions, legal codes, or other people as appropriate and adequate repostiories of knowledge. |
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| The belief in universal causation. Implies that whatever happens is based on antecedents such that, given them, nothing else could happen. |
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-A mind-brain position emphasizing the availability of two languages to describe the same phenomena.
-There is the language of physiology versus language that employs mentalistic concepts. The position assumes that both refer to the same underlying reality. |
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| The belief that there are two fundamentally different realities. For example, mental processes are considered by the dualist to be largely independent and qualitively different from brain processes. |
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| According to Aristotle, the force that sets a thing in motion. Thus, domino A, impacting domino B, is the cause of the fall of B. |
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| A mind-brain position embracing the idea that mental processes are produced by the brain processes. Some believe that mental processes, though produced by brain processes, are qualitatively different from the physical system from which they emerge. |
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| A philosophical position that emphasizes the importance of experience, observation, and learning in the acquisition of knowledge. |
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| A mind-body position marked by the belief that physical events are causal with respect to mental events. Mental events are viewed as completely dependent on physical functions and, as such, have no independent existence or causal efficacy. |
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| a branch of philosophy concerned with problems of knowledge such as What can we know or How can we know? |
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| The view that design or order in nature reflects the work of a designer. |
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| Philosopher of science who has argued for an anarchistic epistemology marked by belief that there is no such thing as a single unified and unchanging scientific method. |
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| According to Aristotle, the goals or puposes for which an action was intended. |
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| The form or shape that contributes to a causal sequence. Thus, an airplane could not fly if critical components were not shaped properly. |
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| The assumption that human beings make choices that are more or less independent of antecedent conditions. |
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| The study of ways of knowing and ways of solving problems as a function of developmental level. |
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| A philosophical orientation emphasizing mind or spirit as the preeminent feature of life. |
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| A theory of the origin of psuche that stresses the continuity or identity of the psychically endowed biological substratum of the organism and the later mature, self-reflective, fully conscious adult. |
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| The doctrine that it is impossible to apply strict cause and effect explanations to events at the sub-atomic level. |
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| An organized sequence of behaviors characteristic of a given species. It is assumed that these behaviors are not learned. |
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-A commonsense belief in the interdependence of the mental and the physical realms.
-According to this position, mental events may be causal with respect to physical events and vice versa. |
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| -A philosopher of science who emphasized the importance of understanding science in terms of its community structures and evolutionary processes.
-His book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is one of the most influential in its field in the twentieth century. |
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| Any change in performance or behavior that is attributable to the effects of practice or experience. |
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| In philosophy, one who believes in free will. |
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| Aristotle's contention that things behave as they do partly becasue of their material structure. For example, a billard ball could not function properly if it were made of cork or rubber. |
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-A monistic ontology characterized by the belief that all real things are composed of exclusively of matter.
-Implies that all being can be understood in terms of the principles of material structure. |
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-The position that reality is one thing.
-Thus everything relates to everything else in a completely interconnected world. |
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| The position that there are perceptions that are built in or operational from birth and that are informative about the world. |
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| A notion introduced by Thomas Kuhn that refers to conventional ways of solving problems in science at a given time or during the reign of a particular paradigm. |
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-A branch of philosophy that studies the nature and relations of being.
-Considers the question "What is real?" |
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| According to Thomas Kuhn, the beliefs, attitudes, values, methods, and assumptions that guide the intellectual community at a given time. |
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| The belief that there are many real things and many different orders of reality. |
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| -Mathematician and philosopher noted for a hypothetico-deductive approach to science.
-His book The Logic of Scientific Discovery is one of the classics in the philosophy of science. |
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-A U.S. philosophical movement associated with the work of Charles S. Pierce and William James. James emphasized the close connections between empiricism, pluralism, and pragmatism.
-Concepts must be judged in terms of their cask value, or the practical work they do in the world. Thus, truth is judged by utility and practical consequences achieved by an idea. |
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| The Greek term for soul or mind. Includes mental processes such as thought, memory, sensation, and so forth. |
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| The idea that mental processes develop or emerge with the development of the body. |
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-Literally, the origin of the psuche.
-Theories of the origin of psuche. |
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| psychophysical parallelism |
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| A mind-brain doctrine that assumes the independent existence of mental and physical events. They ar congruent but they do not interact with each other. |
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| -A philosophical orientation deriving from the Latin ratio, meaning to reason or think.
-Emphasize a priori knowledge, deduction, and an active mind that selectively organizes sensory data. |
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| The philosophical position that all truth claims are suspect and must be questioned. |
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| Refers to purpose or design. |
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| Design or purpose is a part of natural order. |
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| Implies that things do what they do because they fulfill purposes imposed by deity. |
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