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Chapter 2-6
Biology
9
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/26/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term

 

    Know the components of an atom and the meaning of atomic number and atomic mass.

 

Definition
An atom is simply something that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus and the atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Term

 

   Know the characteristics of the 3 main types of chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen) and the significance of each type.

 

Definition

A covalent bond forms when two or more atoms share electrons in their outer shells. An example of this bond is methane.

An ionic bond results from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. An example of this is table salt.

A hydrogen bond results from an attraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom nearby. Hydrogen bonds maintain the shape of proteins and our DNA.

Term

 

    Know the basic properties of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.

 

Definition

The three basic properties of water are: 1.) dissolving agent

                                                                2.) High heat capacity

                                                                3.) High heat of vaporization

 

Hydrophobic molecules are non polar, made up of fatty acids, and “water fearing”.

Hydrophilic molecules are polar and “water loving”.

Term

 

  Know the definition of solute and solvent.

 

Definition

A solvent is something that dissolves a solid or a liquid

A solute is something that is dissolved in a solvent.

Term

 

    Know the basic concepts of acids, bases, pH and the operation of buffers.

 

Definition

 

ACID is anything that releases hydrogen ions when placed in water

 

BASES are anything that releases hydroxide ions when placed in water.

 

Ph is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.

Buffers keep pH values from changing dramatically.

Term

 

    Know the processes involved in the synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules.

 

Definition

The process involved in the synthesis of macromolecules is dehydration synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, the reaction that bonds one monomer to another releases a water molecule.

The process that breaks down macromolecules is hydrolysis. This process requires the addition of water across the covalent bonds.

Term

 

    Know the four main classes of macromolecules, their important subclasses, and examples of each.

 

Definition

 

The four main classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

 

            The subclasses of carbohydrates are: monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

 

                        An example of a monosaccharaides is fructose.

 

                                    An example of a disaccharide is lactose = glucose + galactose

 

                                                An example of a polysaccharide is cellulose.

 

The subclasses of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids,

 

                        A triglyceride is made of one molecule glycerol and three fatty acids.

 

                                    Triglycerides are divided into two categories: saturated and unsaturated.

 

Saturated fats solid at room temperature and unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperatures.

 

Butter is a saturated fat and olive oil is an unsaturated fat.

 

Trans fat are partially hydrogenated fats and an example of these is potato chips.

 

                        A phospholipid is made of a molecule of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group.

 

                        A PHOSPOLIPID HAS TWO REGIONS: HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC.

 

                        A steroid is a type of lipid made up of four carbon rings attached to molecules from one steroid to the next. An example of this is cholesterol.

 

                        A protein is a polymer made of one of more chains of amino acids.

 

                        Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Chains containing only a few amino acids are called peptides. Chains containing 10 or more amino acids are called polypeptides. The term protein is used for polypeptides with at least 50 amino acids.

 

Term

 

   Know the levels of protein structure and the definition of each.

 

Definition

 

The primary structure is the particular sequence of amino acids.

 

The secondary structure of proteins consists of patterns known as pleated sheets or helices.

 

The tertiary structure is the overall three dimensional shape of the protein.

 

The quaternary structure is the structure that results from all of the subunits.

 

Term

 

Know and define the purpose of enzymes.

 

Definition

 

During reactions promoted by enzymes, the substrate binds to a specific location called the active site on the enzyme to form an enzyme substrate complex.

 

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