Term
| Phylum Chordata: symmetry |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum Chordata: Level of organization |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum Chordata: coelomate |
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Definition
| Coelomates (deutrostomes) |
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Term
| Phylum Chordata: segmentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum Chordata: cephalization |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum Chordata: four characteristics that are shared by all in this phylum (in embryos and sometimes in adult forms) |
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Definition
| notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharynx with gills lits, post-anal tail |
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Term
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Definition
| long rod of stiffened tissue (not cartilage or bone) supports body |
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Term
| dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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Definition
| runs parallel to notochord and anterior end becomes modified into a brain |
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Term
| Pharynx with gill slits (where found, function) |
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Definition
| found mostly in embryos used for respiration and/or feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| tail that extends past anus (often found in embryos) |
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Term
| three subphylums of phylum chordate |
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Definition
| Urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Classes in Subphylum Vertebrata (7) |
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Definition
| agnatha, chrondrichthyes, osetichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammialia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| snakes, lizard, crocodilians, and turtles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bats, whales, primates, rodents, etc |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: larvae body form |
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Definition
| larvae are free swimming tadpole |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: what do larvae use for locomotion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: do larvae keep the notochord |
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Definition
| no, as larvae undergo metamorphosis into adult form, notochord is lost |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: how do larvae eat and breath |
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Definition
| through pharynx (filter feed) |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: body form |
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Definition
| adult is sessile and baglike (colonial or solitary |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: what is lost as larvae morphs into adult form? |
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Definition
| coelom, notochord, tail,and most of the nervous system |
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: how does the adult form eat and breath |
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Definition
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Term
| Subphylum Urochordata: anatomy of pharynx |
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Definition
| oral opening (water in), atrial opening (water out) |
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Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata:look like? |
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Definition
| fish shaped filter feeders |
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Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata: where is their brain located |
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Definition
| simple brain at the anterior end of the nerve chord |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented muscles, used in conjunction with notochord for locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Subphylum Cephalochordata |
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Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata: adult form |
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Definition
| notochord lies under dorsal nerve chord, pharynx has gill slits for filter feeding, tail extends past anus |
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Term
| Subphylum Cephalochordata is the only phylum that has all... |
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Definition
| four characteristics of chordates |
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Term
| Trends in vertebrate evolution |
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Definition
| shift from notochord to vertebral column, evolution of bony skeletons for supprt, nerve chord expanded into brain, evolution of heart to better supply oxygenated blood throughout body, paired fins evolved, gills evolved, evolution of jaws |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for larger surface area for oxygen uptake for respiration, gills later evolved into lungs, allowing vertebrates to inhabit terrstrial habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for larger surface area for oxygen uptake for respiration, gills later evolved into lungs, allowing vertebrates to inhabit terrstrial habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from series of structural supports around gill slits, allowed vertebrates to take advantage of predatory niches |
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Term
| Class Agnatha: General body plan |
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Definition
| two chambered heart, no true jaws, gill slits, sylindrical body, cartilaginous skeleton, no paired fins. |
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Term
| What do Class Agnatha have instead of jaws: |
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Definition
| two sets of rasping appendages or oral disk for tearig flesh. |
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Term
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Definition
| carilagenous fishes (sharks skatess, rays and chimaerans) |
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Term
| Class Chondrichthyes: skeleton is made of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Class Chondrichthyes: heart (how many chambers?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Class Chondrichthyes: ecological dangers |
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Definition
| sharks are in danger of becoming over ished due to shark fin soup. They have low fecundity and slow maturation rates |
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Term
| Class Osteichthyes: three subclasses |
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Definition
| ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and lung fishes |
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Term
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Definition
| fin support derived from skin, smooth flexible scales, manuverable fins, swim bladders (for neutral buoyancy) |
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Term
| Lobe-finned fishes: what is the one living representative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lobe-finned fish: body plan |
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Definition
| fleshy body extentions form part of ventral fins (contain some skeletal elements) |
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Term
| why was the discovery of lobe-finned fishes important? |
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Definition
| thought to be link to terrestrial vertebrates (lung-like sacs) |
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Term
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Definition
| have gills and modified guts that form "lungs" which are used for respiration. Must surface to gulp air in order to survive. |
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Term
| Osteichthyes body plan: external morphology |
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Definition
| gills covered by body plate called operculum |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin, pelvic fins, perctoral fin |
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Term
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Definition
| some bony fishes have 2 dorsal fins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fin between anus and caudal fin |
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Term
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Definition
| paired fins, ventral surface near head |
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Term
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Definition
| paired fins, usually found near operculum |
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology brain/heart? |
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Definition
| brain and two chambered heart |
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology: how is buoyancy achieved? |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology: digestive system |
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Definition
| complete digestive system with mouth, stomach, intestine, and anus |
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology: other internal organs |
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Definition
| liver and gallbladder for digestion |
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology: muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteichthyes: internal morphology: point of fins |
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Definition
| add support for movement through water |
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Term
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Definition
| first terrestrial vertebrates were likely ancient lobe-finned fishes that evolved into early amphibians |
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Term
| fossilized tetrapods reveal |
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Definition
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Term
| Tetrapods: what shows the bridge between fish and amphibian? |
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Definition
| four limbs with digits similar to the skeletal elements in ventral fins of lobe0finned fishes |
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Term
| Class Amphibia: all require what at some point in their life cycle |
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Definition
| water (mostly lay eggs in water) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| less efficient than those of other vertebrates (skin serves as respiratory organ) |
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Term
| Class Amphibia: three major groups |
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Definition
| 1. frogs and toads 2. salamanders and newts 3. cecilian |
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Term
| difference between frogs and toads |
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Definition
| adult frogs are typically aquatic (except tree frogs. Toad adults are typically terrestrial, but return to water to lay eggs |
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Term
| how are frogs and toads the same |
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Definition
| both of their larvae are aquatic (larvae) |
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Term
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Definition
| adults mostly aquatic and some even retain larval characteristics (larval gills in newts) |
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Term
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Definition
| blind, limbless amphibians, slither through mud in search of prey |
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Term
| when and how did amniotes evolve? |
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Definition
| late in carboniferous, divergence from amphibians gave rise to amniotes |
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Term
| reptiles, birds and mammals are all... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the development of an amniotic egg |
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Term
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Definition
| allow for layers that allow for conservation of water and protection of embryo |
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Term
| evolutionary role of amniotes |
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Definition
| allowed for the radiation of vertebrates away from standing water for reproduction |
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Term
| how is the reptile/bird amnione different then a primate/humans? |
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Definition
| theres has a calcified or leathery shells to provide protection and water conservation |
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Term
| Adaptation to life on land included what characteristics? |
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Definition
| tough, scaly skin-prevention of waterloss, internal fertilization, kidneys (another adaptation for water conservation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| class reptilia: five major groups |
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Definition
| turtles, lizards, snakes, tuataras, crocodilians |
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Term
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Definition
| hardened shell is attached to skeleton (fused vertebral column) no teeth, lay eggs on land. |
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Term
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Definition
| small teeth for prey capture, usually runners on four or sometimes two legs |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from short limbed long bodied lizards that legs, flexible jaws allow for eating prey much larger than their heads, few have poison glands |
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Term
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Definition
| two living species. Very amphibian-like in walking pattern, third eye under skin detects changes in day length and light intensity, slow maturation rates. (reach maturity after 20 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| modern crocodiles and alligators, live in or near water, voracious predaters, exhibit parental care (females build and guard large nests), temperature of nest influences sex of offspring (males 32-34, females 26-30) |
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Term
| Class Aves: where did they evolve from? |
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Definition
| small theropod dinosaurs during the mesozoic. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| of all flying animals, birds are the only ones that have... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thought to be derived from repilian scales, serve in insulation and flight. |
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Term
| characteristic that birds and reptiles share? |
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Definition
| birds have scales on their feet |
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Term
| what are the four membranes of the amiotic egg: |
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Definition
| amnion, allantois, yolk-sac, chorion |
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Term
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Definition
| forms amniotic cavity, embryo is suspended |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration and excretion of wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| holds nutritive material for embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| sac that surrounds all other membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| increase air stream and surface area for down stroke |
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Term
| how is the birds repiratory system adapted for flight? |
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Definition
| highly efficient, elastic sacs connect lungs and allow for greater diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| how is the birds heart adapted for flight? |
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Definition
| four chambered heart allows for more effecient circulation of oxygenated blood, thus better gas exchange for high metabolic rates. |
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Term
| how is the skeletal system of birds adapted for flight? |
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Definition
| bones have internal honeycombed air spaces throughout. |
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Term
| evolution of sternum in birds: |
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Definition
| sternum is keel-shaped for increase muscle attachment, allows for powerful down stroke to create lift. |
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Term
| class mammialia: purpose of hair |
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Definition
| allows for insulation and some use modified hairs (whiskers) for sensory functions. |
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Term
| how do mammals feed their young? |
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Definition
| used by mothers to provide nutritive milk to offspring, after birth |
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Term
| how are mammals teeth distictive? |
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Definition
four types, incisors (cutting), canines (piercing), and premolars and molars (grinding and chewing).
Upper and lower jaws have matching teeth for chewing. |
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Term
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Definition
| platypus, ecidna, etc. Egg laying mammals. evolved and radiated 150 mya while pangea still intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| koalas, kangaroo, opossum. pouched mammals, also evolved 150 mya while pangea was still intact. |
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Term
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Definition
| primates, rodents, whales, etc) placental mammals, evolved 85-100 mya, radiated after antartic/australian land mass broke free of pangea |
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Term
| what kind of animal does antartica and australia lack and why? |
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Definition
| placental animals, because they evolved after pangea broke up. |
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Term
| three species of monotremes: |
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Definition
| duck-billed platypus, two kinds of spiny anteater. |
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Term
| monotremes reproductive patterns: |
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Definition
| all lay eggs, offspring feed on milk produced from mothers mammary glands after hatching in a temporary pouch. |
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Term
| marsupials reproductive patterns |
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Definition
| tiny, blind, hairless offspring born early (incomplete state) and develop in mothers permanent pouch, where they feed on milk produced by mammary glands. |
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Term
| most diverse mammalian group |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spongy tissues of maternal and fetal membranes, nourishes fetus, delivers oxygen, and removes wastes. |
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Term
| which develop faster, placental mammals or marsupials? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did the first primates look like? |
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Definition
| resembled tree shrews (long snouts and poor daytime vision) |
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Term
| Adaptations that led primates to lead an arboreal (tree) life: |
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Definition
| better daytime vision, bipedal movement, bone and muscle refinement. |
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Term
| how did better eyesight help primates adapt? |
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Definition
| less reliance on sense of smell, forward directed eyes allows for better shape and depth perception. |
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Term
| how did bipedal movements help along the evolution of the promates? |
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Definition
| upright walking allowed for use of hands for other tasks (tools) |
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Term
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Definition
| apes, humans and extinct species of their lineages. (subgroup that includeds all humans and extinct human-like ancestors) |
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Term
| where did hominoids first appear? |
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Definition
| central africa. spread through africa, asia, and europe. |
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Term
| first known bipedal hominoid |
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Definition
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Term
| six species of Australopiths |
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Definition
| australopithecus anamensis, A. africanus, A. boisei, A, afarensis, A. garbi, A. robustus |
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Term
| first representative of genus homo |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lived in woodlands of eastern and southern africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| more upright than H. babilis, migrated from Africa, into Europe and Asia, larger brain, signs of social organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| present day humans evolved, smaller teeth and jaws, smaller skull but larger brain, much of human evolution since has been cultural, not biological. |
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Term
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Definition
| H. erectus through many regions by 1 mya, subpopulations of H. erectus evolved new race as adapted to new environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| H. sapiens evolved in sub-Saharan Africa between one hundred and two hundred thousand years ago. Populations later moved out of africa into new regions, gradually replaced H. erectus in each region. |
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