Term
|
Definition
| Reduction in total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood |
|
|
Term
| What does anemia lead to? |
|
Definition
| Reduced oxygen carrying capacity which causes tissue hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| What does anemia lead to a reduction in? |
|
Definition
-Quality of hemoglobin
-Quantity of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What does a reduction in the quantity of hemoglobin lead to? |
|
Definition
-Impaired erythrocyte production
-Acute or chronic blood loss
-Increased erythrocyte destruction
-Combination of the above |
|
|
Term
| Anemia classified by morphology or RBC cell size is identified by terms that end in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia classified by hemoglobin content is identified by terms that end in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal hemoglobin content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Too much hemoglobin content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Too little hemoglobin content |
|
|
Term
| Anemia effects on the CV system |
|
Definition
| Increased preload, heart rate, and stroke volume; reduced afterload |
|
|
Term
| Anemia effect on respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia effects on nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anemia effects on GI system |
|
Definition
Pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What is physiologic manifestation of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Reduced oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of anemia based on? |
|
Definition
| Severity and ability of body to compensate |
|
|
Term
| What are classic symptoms of anemia? |
|
Definition
Fatigue
Weakness
Dyspnea
Pallor |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms related to? |
|
Definition
| Hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do symptoms start to show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: You can treat anemia with erythropoietin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Macrocytic-Normochromic anemias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unusually large stem cells |
|
|
Term
| What are megaloblasts a result of? |
|
Definition
| Defective RBC DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What deficiencies cause defective RBC DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
-Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
-Folate (folic acid)
-Coenzymes for nuclear maturation and DNA synthesis pathway |
|
|
Term
| True or False: RNA replication and protein (hemoglobin) synthesis are normal in Macrocytic Normochromic Anemias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Macrocytic Normochromic Anemias create? |
|
Definition
| Larger than normal RBC with small nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pernicious anemia result from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is B12 necessary for? |
|
Definition
| DNA synthesis and nuclear maturation of RBC |
|
|
Term
| What is absent in pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intrinsic factor needed for? |
|
Definition
| Gastric absorption of vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| Where is intrinsic factor manufactured? |
|
Definition
| Parietal cells in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What surgical patients are at risk for this type of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Bypass patients (gastric) |
|
|
Term
| How does pernicious anemia develop? |
|
Definition
| Slowly thus severe when manifests |
|
|
Term
| What hemoglobin levels do pernicious anemia symptoms show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
Neurologic manifestations - nerve demyelination
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
Weekly then monthly B12 Injections
High oral B12 doses is effective
Lifelong treatment |
|
|
Term
| What do older adults have unrecognized pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| subtle, slow onset and presentation |
|
|
Term
| What anemia is from a deficiency in folate or folic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is folate essential for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do we get folate from? |
|
Definition
| Must be obtained from dietary sources; not synthesized by body |
|
|
Term
| Where does folate absorption happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Folate is dependent on other facilitating factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of folate deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| Similar to pernicious anemia except neurologic manifestations generally not seen |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for folate deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
-Daily oral folate until blood levels are adequate
-Long term therapy usually not indicated |
|
|
Term
| What are microcytic-hypochromic anemias characterized by? |
|
Definition
-abnormally small RBC
-abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What are microcytic-hypochromic anemias related to? |
|
Definition
Disorders of:
-iron metabolism
-porphyrin and heme synthesis
-globin synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are types of microcytic-hypochromic anemias |
|
Definition
-Iron Deficiency Anemia
-Sideroblasic Anemia
-Thalassemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common anemia worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is iron deficiency related to? |
|
Definition
-Deficiency in dietary iron
-Metabolic or functional deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What hemoglobin levels do symptoms of iron deficiency anemia appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue is affected with progression of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
-Brittle, thin, coarsely ridged, spoon-shaped nails
-A red, sore, painful tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment of iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
| Oral iron replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
| Who is at high risk of developing iron deficiency anemia? |
|
Definition
Patient with iron deficiency
-Pregnant
-Malnourished |
|
|
Term
| What is a group of anemias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in sideroblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Ineffective iron uptake with altered hemoglobin synthesis |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Sideroblastic anemia can be acquired or hereditary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is diagnosis of sideroblastic anemia made? |
|
Definition
| Made on basis of ringed sideroblasts within bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythroblasts that contain iron granules that have not been synthesized into hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of sideroblastic anemia |
|
Definition
| Iron overload - hemosiderosis |
|
|
Term
| What are normocytic-normochromic anemias characterized by? |
|
Definition
| RBC that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content BUT of insufficient number |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of normocytic-normochromic anemias |
|
Definition
**Less common anemias
Aplastic anemia
Posthemorrhagic anemia - Acute blood loss from the vascular space
Hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Anemia of chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Normocytic-normochromic anemias share a common etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of disorder is sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| Inherited autosomal recessive |
|
|
Term
| In which individuals does sickle cell occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell is usually asymptomatic until when? |
|
Definition
| Hypoxic episode low pO2 levels |
|
|
Term
| What happens in sickle cell? |
|
Definition
-RBC deforms into sickle shape
-Plug blood vessels
-Cause pain, organ dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What do myeloproliferative RBC disorders cause? |
|
Definition
| Overproduction or deficiency of RBC cells |
|
|
Term
| What is an excessive RBC production called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does relative polycythemia result from? |
|
Definition
| Hemoconcentration from dehydration |
|
|
Term
| With fluid loss there is relative increases in what in relative polycythemia? |
|
Definition
-Red cell counts
-Hemoglobin
-Hematocrit |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for relative polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary absolute polycythemia? |
|
Definition
-Overproduction of RBC
-Abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of primary absolute polycythemia? |
|
Definition
-light-headedness
-visual disturbances
-headaches
-enlarged liver and spleen |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of polycythemia vera related to? |
|
Definition
-increased blood volume
-increased blood viscosity
-creating a hypercoaguable state that causes clots |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Polycythemia vera is related to an overproduction of erythropoietin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Hematocrit is low in smokers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which polycythemia is more common, primary or secondary? |
|
Definition
| Secondary Absolute Polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| What is there an increase in with secondary absolute polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there an increase in erythropoietin in secondary absolute polycythemia? |
|
Definition
-As normal response to chronic hypoxia
-Inappropriate response to erythropoietin-secreting tumors |
|
|
Term
| Where is secondary absolute polycythemia more common in? |
|
Definition
-Individuals living at higher altitudes
-Smokers
-COPD
-Heart failure patients
-Elevated hematocrit due to chronic hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| Macrocytic anemias are caused by? |
|
Definition
| Defective precursor synthesis typically due to inadequate folate or vitamin B12 levels |
|
|
Term
| A person with chronic alcoholism has generalized weakness, fatigue, difficulty walking, and intermittent abdominal pain. The nurse suspects? |
|
Definition
| Pernicious anemia because it is caused by inadequate or absent production of intrinsic factor by gastric parietal cells. This is often a result of the chronic gastritis that accompanies alcoholism. |
|
|
Term
| A person is admitted with an autoimmune disease directed against the hematopoietic stem cells. The nurse knows this will produce? |
|
Definition
| Aplastic anemmia (Aplastic anemia is the result of bone marrow suppression or failure caused by an autoimmune disease directed against the hematopoietic stem cells that produces pancytopenia) |
|
|
Term
| A man arrives in teh clinic reporting 4 days of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; hematocrit if 61%. The nurse suspects? |
|
Definition
| Relative polycythemia (This term indicates that the elevated hematocrit is due to a reduction in fluid volume or dehydration with subsequent hemoconcentration) |
|
|
Term
| Anemia of chronic disease is caused by? |
|
Definition
| Reduced response to erythropoietin (In anemia of chronic disease the response of the bone marrow progenitor cells is reduced or ineffective) |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of quantitative leukocyte disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| counts higher than normal |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytosis is a normal protective physiologic response to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Leukopenia is always abnormal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does low WBC count predispose us to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is leukopenia associated with? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow disorders or premature destruction of cells |
|
|
Term
| Leukopenia is in response to what? |
|
Definition
| Infectious microorganism invasion |
|
|
Term
| What are qualitative disorders a disruption in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A normal response to stress (An increase in leukocytes is a normal protective response to physiologic stressors that can include exercise, pregnancy, infection, emotional upheaval, temperature change, and surgery or trauma) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Leukocytosis is an abnormal response to pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Radiation and immune deficiencies cause leukopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulocytosis is an increase in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of infection or inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If need for neutrophils increases beyond the supply, what do we see? |
|
Definition
| Immature neutrophils which are also known as banded neutrophils are released into the blood |
|
|
Term
| In granulocytosis, we will see what shift in the WBC differential? |
|
Definition
| Left or leukemoid reaction |
|
|
Term
| A left shift is an increase in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the neutrophil population returns to normal, it is termed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A leukemoid reaction indicates a(n)? |
|
Definition
| Increase in immature leukocytes (A leukemoid reaction or shift to the left indicates that immature leukocytes are released to meet the increased demand) |
|
|
Term
| Neutropenia is a reduction in circulating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary causes of neutropenia can be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acquired causes of neutropenia? |
|
Definition
hypoplastic anemia
aplastic anemia
leukemias
Hodgkin Lymphoma
nonHodgkin lymphoma
Myelodysplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Secondary causes of neutropenia? |
|
Definition
-Prolonged severe infection
-Decreased production of neutrophils
-Reduced survival of neutrophils
-Abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in all granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for granulocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is etiology of granulocytopenia? |
|
Definition
-Any interference with hematopoiesis
-Immune mechanisms
-Chemotherapy suppression of bone marrow
-Ionizing radiation |
|
|
Term
| If untreated what can granulocytopenia lead to? |
|
Definition
| Sepsis and death within 3-6 days |
|
|
Term
| What is infectious mononucleosis commonly referred to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute, self-limiting infection of B-lymphocytes with EBV primarily |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual mode of transmission for mono? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of mono? |
|
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—85%
B cells have an EBV receptor site |
|
|
Term
| What are other viral agents that resemble mono? |
|
Definition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Hepatitis
Influenza
HIV |
|
|
Term
| Early symptoms of mono are like what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the late symptoms of mono? |
|
Definition
| fever, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes, increased lymphocyte count, and atypical lymphocytes; may affect multiple systems |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Serious complications are frequent with mono |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of death with mono? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will labs look like in someone with mono? |
|
Definition
Increased WBC
> 50% lymphocytes
> 10% atypical lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is diagnostic test for mono? |
|
Definition
| Monospot -qualitative test to detect heterophilic antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for mono? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infectious mononucleosis is? |
|
Definition
| An acute viral infection of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation time for mono? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are malignant disorders of the blood and blood forming organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukemias are an uncontrolled proliferation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in leukemia? |
|
Definition
-Overcrowding of bone marrow
-Decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute leukemias have a presence of? |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated or immature cells, usually blast cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of acute leukemias? |
|
Definition
| Rapid onset with short survival |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of acute leukemias? |
|
Definition
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) |
|
|
Term
| What is least common overall acute leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common childhood leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common adult leukemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mean age of AML? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant cell in chronic leukemias? |
|
Definition
| Mature but does not function normally |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of chronic leukemias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is usually diagnosed in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are common in who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: CLL is symptomatic at diagnosis |
|
Definition
| False (70% asymptomatic at diagnosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lymphadenopathy
-Suppression of humoral immunity
-Increased infection with encapsulated bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are signs and symptoms of leukemias? |
|
Definition
-Anemia, bleeding, purpura, petechiae, ecchymosis
-Thrombosis, hemorrhage, DIC
-Infection, weight loss, bone pain
-Elevated uric acid
-Liver, spleen, and lymph node enlargement |
|
|
Term
| Leukemia is a clonal disorder, what does that mean? |
|
Definition
| single progenitor cell undergoes malignant transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (activation of coagulation in response to disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defined as greater than 30% lymphoblasts in blood or marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common leukemia in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does ALL have a higher mortality rate in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are lymph nodes like in lymphadenopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does local lymphadenopathy indicate? |
|
Definition
| drainage of area near enlarged node |
|
|
Term
| What is local lymphadenopathy associated with? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation or infection |
|
|
Term
| What does general lymphadenopathy occur with? |
|
Definition
| Malignant or nonmalignant disease |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of lymphadenopathy? |
|
Definition
-Neoplastic disease
-Immunologic or inflammatory conditions
-Endocrine disorders
-Lipid storage diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is a malignant transformation of a lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proliferation of lymphocytes, histiocytes, precursors, and derivatives in lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are lymphomas classified based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of lymphomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hodgkin lymphomas linked to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of symptoms does hodgkin lymphoma have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cells do we look at in diagnosing hodgkin lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells survive in the germinal center of Reed-Sternberg cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reed-Sternberg cells are diagnostic for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are physical findings in hodgikin lymphoma? |
|
Definition
-Enlarged painless cervical lymph node
-Mediastinal mass on chest xray
-Other lymph node involvement
-Splenomegaly
-Abdominal mass |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations in hodgkin lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Fever
Weight loss
Night sweats
Pruritus |
|
|
Term
| What are non-hodgkin lymphomas classified as? |
|
Definition
-B cell neoplasms
-T cell or NK cell neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| What are non-hodgkin lymphomas linked to? |
|
Definition
| chromosome translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental agents, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders |
|
|
Term
| How are the non-hodgkin lymphomas differentiated? |
|
Definition
Etiology
Unique features
Response to therapies |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of non-hodgkin lymphoma in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tumor is in Burkitt lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Burkitt lymphoma associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find Burkitt lymphoma? |
|
Definition
-Found in nasopharyngeal secretions
-Facial mass around jaw |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of Burkitt lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Agressive and fast-growing |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell is involved in multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple myeloma is a proliferation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does malignant myeloma spread? |
|
Definition
| Infiltrate bone marrow and aggregate into tumor masses in skeletal system thus causing bone destruction |
|
|
Term
| The tumor in multiple myeloma may be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
-Hypercalcemia (13%)
-Renal failure (19%)
-Anemia (72%)
-Bone lesions (80%)
-Pain and pathological fractures due to bone destruction |
|
|
Term
| Thrombocytopenia is a __ disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can thrombocytopenia be a result of? |
|
Definition
Decreased production
Increased consumption
Both |
|
|
Term
| What is normal thrombocyte count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What level is considered thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what platelet levels will we see hemorrhage from minor trauma in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what platelet levels will we see spontaneous bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what platelet levels will we see severe bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are causes of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Hypersplenism, autoimmune disease, hypothermia, viral or bacterial infections that cause DIC, nutritional deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of drug induced thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of HIT with unfractionated heparin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: We see less HIT with low molecular weight heparin (Lovanox) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immune mediated response is HIT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are we at risk for in HIT |
|
Definition
| Venous and arterial thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for HIT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Immune/Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) |
|
Definition
| Platelet disorder with no known cause thus idiopathic, likely immune cause |
|
|
Term
| Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura develops after? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common childhood bleeding disorder? |
|
Definition
| Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura? |
|
Definition
-IgG antibody targets platelet glycoproteins (IIbIIIa)
-antibody-bind with platelet antigen
-they are sequestered and removed from circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
|
Definition
-Minor to major bleeding
-Petechiae and purpura, progressing to major hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What is a life threatening platelet disorder? |
|
Definition
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)? |
|
Definition
| Platelets aggregate, form microthrombi, and cause occlusion of arterioles and cappilaries |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is common |
|
Definition
| False (relatively uncommon) |
|
|
Term
| Familial Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) |
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Definition
Rare
Chronic
Usually seen in children |
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Term
| Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do platelets come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increased platelet counts |
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Term
| What are the levels in thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is thrombocythemia a disorder of? |
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Definition
| Myeloproliferative disorder of platelet precursor cells |
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Term
| What happens in thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
| Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are produced in excess |
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Term
| What happens as a result of thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
| Thrombosis of arteries and veins |
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Term
| Where is thrombosis more commonly going to be seen in thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be a result of thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 types of thrombocythemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens with qualitative alterations in platelet function? |
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Definition
| Increased bleeding time with normal platelet count |
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Term
| What causes qualitative alterations in platelet function? |
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Definition
-Deficiencies in platelet membrane glycoproteins
-Deficiencies in von Willebrand factor |
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Term
| What are clinical manifestations of alterations in platelet function? |
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Definition
-Petechiae, purpura
-Mucosal bleeding, gingival bleeding
-Spontaneous bruising |
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Term
| True or False: alterations in platelet function can be congenital or acquired |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vitamin K necessary for? |
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Definition
| Synthesis and regulation of prothrombin |
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Term
| What prothrombin factors are affected with Vitamin K deficiencies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vitamin K antagonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What proteins are anticoagulants |
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Definition
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Term
| What does liver disease cause? |
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Definition
| Broad range of hemostasis disorders? |
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Term
| What defects does liver disease cause? |
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Definition
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Platelet number and function |
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|
Term
| What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
| Simultaneous clotting and hemorrhage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Sepsis
Cancer
Trauma
Blood transfusion |
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|
Term
| What does the widespread clotting in DIC cause? |
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Definition
-Blocks blood flow to organs - resulting in multiple organ failure
-Consumption of platelets and clotting factors-leading to severe bleeding |
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|
Term
| What do widespread thromboses in DIC cause? |
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Definition
Ischemia
Infarction
Organ hypoperfusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fibrinolytic system (plasmin) |
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|
Term
| What does activation of fibrinolytic system cause? |
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Definition
-Increase in fibrin degradation products
-Increase dimer levels (molecule produced by plasmin degredation) |
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Term
| True or False: DIC carries a high mortality rate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of DIC? |
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Definition
-Bleeding at venipuncture sites (arterial lines)
-Purpura, petechiae, and hematomas
-Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes |
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Term
| DIC may be stimulated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes arterial thrombi? |
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Definition
| Defects in proteins involved in hemostasis |
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|
Term
| Venous thrombi caused by? |
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Definition
| Variety of clinical disorders or conditions |
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|
Term
| What is another term for hypercoagulability |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What causes hypercoagulability |
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Definition
-Acquired
-Mutations in coagulation proteins, fibrinolytic proteins, platelet receptors |
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|
Term
| Hypercoagulability is a part of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thombosis is most likely to occur with? |
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Definition
-High levels of homocysteine
-Increased production of prothrombin
-Protein C or S deficiency |
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