Term
| What are the main functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| To remove nonessential waste from the plasma including waste metabolites, excess water, and electrolytes to recover any essential substance like glucose. |
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Term
| which is the functional unit of the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the functions of the nephrons? |
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Definition
| to filter the kidneys, reabsorb essential nutrients, and excrete nonessential wastes and molecules |
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Term
| What is the pathway of blood supply in the kidneys? |
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Definition
| the renal artery gives blood to the interlobular artery then the afferent arteriole, which gives rise to the glomuleris(filtration takes place) to the efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the interlobular vein to the renal vein |
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Term
| what has a larger diameter? afferent arteriole or efferent arteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the filtration of the blood take place in the kidneys? |
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Definition
| the glomerulus. there is a filtration space called the capsular space. |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| To remove nonessential waste from the plasma including waste metabolites, excess water, and electrolytes to recover any essential substance like glucose. |
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Term
| which is the functional unit of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the nephrons? |
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Definition
| to filter the kidneys, reabsorb essential nutrients, and excrete nonessential wastes and molecules |
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Term
| What is the pathway of blood supply in the kidneys? |
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Definition
| the renal artery gives blood to the interlobular artery then the afferent arteriole, which gives rise to the glomuleris(filtration takes place) to the efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries to the interlobular vein to the renal vein |
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Term
| what has a larger diameter? afferent arteriole or efferent arteriole? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the filtration of the blood take place in the kidneys? |
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Definition
| the glomerulus. there is a filtration space called the capsular space. this is called the gloumuleral filtration |
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Term
| what does filtration mean? |
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Definition
| the movement of fluid through the glomuleral capillary due to hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| filtrate means the solution created by filtration and is mostly made of water plus all the dissolved solutes from the blood(except for large proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance from the lumen back to the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion is the movement of substances from the blood to the lumen of the nephron |
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Term
| what is excretion of a substance? |
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Definition
| excretion is the removal of the substance from the body. putting filtration, reabsorption and secretion equals to excretion |
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Term
| the fluid called filtrate has similar substances like plasama except? |
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Definition
| large proteins and red blood cells |
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Term
| glomular filtration has extremely permeable capillaries? True or false |
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Definition
| True. they have special epithelial cells called podocytes and they have large filtration slits that increase filtration rates |
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Term
| what are starling forces? |
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Definition
| starling forces can be broken down into two hydrostatic pressure and two osmotic forces(sometimes called the colloid osmotic pressures) which causes reabsorption or filtration. |
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Term
| what is the capillary hydrostatic pressure? and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| it is the pressure forcing it outward of the of the walls of the capillaries and interstitial is the pressure back onto the capillaries |
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Term
| what are the two osmotic forces? |
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Definition
| one os the osmotic force of plasma proteins causing fluid to go into capillaries which causes reabsorption, the pressure is high due to proteins. and second is osmotic force of interstitial space, to cause the fluid to move out and pressure is lower |
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Term
| how much is the normal range of the pressures in the kidneys? |
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Definition
the blood hydrostatic pressure is roughly 60 mmHG due to the large afferent arteriole and moves fluid into the glomueral capsule.
the colloid osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins is -32mmHG causing reabsorption of fluid into the plasma. and the capsular hydrostatic pressure is -18mmHG causing reabsorption of fluid back into the plasma. |
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Term
| what is the glomuleral filtration rate(GFR) |
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Definition
| it is the volume of fluid filtered in the glomulerulus during a certain time period. |
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Term
| the tubular cells are joined togheter by what type of junctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| the process where substances pass through the gap junctions from the lumen of the nephrons to the circulatory system is called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other substances are transported across the tubular cell membrane from the lumen into the cell, then into the interstitial fluid and into the blood. This form of reabsorption is called |
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Definition
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Term
| are transcelluar/paracellular transport regulated or non regulated? |
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Definition
| both but mostly non regulated. if they are regulated, it is due to certain hormones. |
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Term
| many of the transport mechaniisms along the nephrons rely upon what type of pump? and why? |
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Definition
| the sodium potassium pump because it helps it establish a concentration gradient. recall that this is an active transport. |
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Term
| (reabsorption)the sodium potassium pump powers other transporters such as the secondary active transport. What are the two types, explain. |
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Definition
| one is the sodium glucose transport...as sodium goes in from high to low concentration, glucose ions move along with it and the other one is the hydrogen sodium exchange, as sodium goes in , hydrogen ions move out |
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Term
| how is ions such as potassium or hydrogen ions secreted into the nephron? |
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Definition
| through potassium channels with the help of the sodium potassium pump. |
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Term
| Where does sodium reabsorption take place in the nephron? |
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Definition
| Na+ reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and early distal tubule—mostly by non-regulated mechanisms. However, Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule can also be regulated by the hormone angiotensin II, and by the hormone aldosterone in the late distal tubule and collecting duct. |
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Term
| where does glucose and amino acid reabsorption take place in the nephron?(for a healthy individual) |
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Definition
| in a healthy individual, all the glucose filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorped in the proximal tubule and so is amino acids. |
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Term
| Which hormones can regulate sodium ions in the nephron? |
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Definition
| angiotensin 2 in the proximal tubule and aldoststerone in the late distal tubule |
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Term
| h20(water) reabsorption takes place in what part of the nephron? |
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Definition
| the proximal tubule and descending limb through non regulated mechanisms |
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Term
| potassium reabsorption takes place in what part of the nephron |
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Definition
| takes place in the proximal tubule and ascending limb of loop of henle. |
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Term
| where does secretion of potassium take place? |
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Definition
| small amounts in the ascending limb of the loop of hendle, however larger amounts are secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct under the influence of aldosterone |
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Term
| where does secretion of hydrogen take place? |
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Definition
| it takes place in the proximal tubule and ascending limb of the loop of henle. there is also secretion in the late distal tubule and collecting duct. |
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Term
| it the secretion of hydrogen ions regulated or non regulated |
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Definition
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Term
| the proximal tubule reabsorps roughly how many percent of total filtrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| water reabsorption only takes place after what has been absorbed? |
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Definition
| solutes, particularly sodium ions |
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Term
| after amino acids, na, and glucose have been reabsorbed, the water pressure will be higher or lower in the tubular cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the special water channels called that water can be reabsorped through osmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Sixty-five percent of all the filtered K+ and Cl− are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. All of this reabsorption is through two types of paracellular transport—both of which are regulated or non regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| potassium uses what type of transport from the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| it uses paracellular transport through tight gap junctions |
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Term
| chloride uses what type of transport from the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| the movement of solute in a solvent is called? |
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Definition
| solvent drag, water drags solutes like potassium ions with water |
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Term
| potassium can use both simple diffusion and solvent drag to transport. true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormones causes water reabsorption in the late distal tubule and collecting duct? |
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Definition
| antidiuretic hormone(adh) |
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Term
| which hormone causes reabsorption of sodium and hydrogen ions in the proximal tubule and the ascending limb of the loop of henlse |
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Definition
| renin angiotensin system, also stimulates the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone |
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Term
| what is antidiuretic hormone? |
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Definition
| its a hormone that helps water reabsorp at the late distal tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| what is the renin angiotensin system? |
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Definition
| it helps reabsorb na and hydrogen ions in the proximal tubule and asceding limb of the loop of hendle. also helps stimulate the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone |
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Term
| which hormone is stimulated by the adrenal glands to increase the number of the sodium potassium pump |
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Definition
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Term
| you are lost in the desert, what will happen to your body? |
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Definition
| ADH will cause the collecting duct to manufacture more water channels to reabsorb more water. |
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Term
| Lecture) capillaries have tiny little pores called what to help with filtration? |
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Definition
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Term
| (lecture) what is the hydrostatic pressure gc in the nephron? |
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Definition
| generally 50-55 but it can vary |
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Term
| lecture) what is the osmotic pressure gc in the neprhon? |
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Definition
| generally 30 as an opposing force to hydrostatic pressure fc |
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Term
| lecture) what is the hydrostatic pressure cs |
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Definition
| generally around 10-15 mmhg |
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Term
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Definition
| glomerulus filtration rate |
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Term
| lecture) whats the problem if the hp gc is high? |
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Definition
| it wont give time to reabsorp, its too fast and possibly dehydration |
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Term
| lecture) what would be the problem if the hp gc is too low? |
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Definition
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Term
| lecture) whats the normal range of the gfr |
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Definition
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Term
| lecture)what are the 2 intrinsic renal regulation systems |
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Definition
| myogenic mechanisms, tubular glomelur mechanism |
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Term
| lecture)what is the myogenic mechanism? what can it do? |
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Definition
| it can dilate and constrict vessels. for example, if blood pressure is high, |
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Term
| lecture) if you increase the flow, the gfr will go (high, low) if you decrease the flow, the gfr will go(low, high) |
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Definition
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Term
| lecture) the more force, the more?(constriction, or dilation) and the more relaxed, the more(constriction, dilation) |
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Definition
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Term
| lecture)the tubulo glomerul mechanism has what type of cells? and located where? |
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Definition
| macula densa located in the ascending limb of the loop of henle |
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Term
| (lecture)what are the percentages of reabsorption from the neprhon |
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Definition
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Term
| if gfr is high then osmolarity is high or low |
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Definition
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