Term
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Definition
| the broad pattern of evolution above the species level |
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Term
| examples of macroevolution |
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Definition
1. the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates
2. the origin of photosynthesis
3. long term impacts of mass extinctions |
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Term
| steps of early simple cell formation |
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Definition
1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2. joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
3. packaging of molecules into "protobionts"
4. origin of self-replicating molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| water vapor, nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, CO2, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (from volcanic eruptions) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mimicked the hypothetical reducing atmosphere of earth and achieved the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. however, not enough evidence to prove that the atmosphere was indeed reducing. the first organic compounds could have synthesized near deep sea vents |
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Term
| possible location of first org. comps. |
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Definition
atmosphere
deep sea vents
amino acids have been found in meteorites |
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Term
| how did the first org. macromolecules form? |
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Definition
| small org. molecules polymerize when they are concentrated in hot sand, clay or rock |
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Term
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Definition
| replication and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane. exhibit simple reproduction and metabolism and maintain internal chemical environment. could have formed spontaneously from org. compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA was the first genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecules that catalyze reactions such as making short copies of themselves |
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Term
| the fossil record favors species: |
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Definition
1. existed for a long time
2. were abundant and widespread
3. had hard parts |
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Term
| how old can radiocarbon dating go? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| divided into three eons: archaean (2 bil), proteroxoic(2 bill), and phanerozoic (.5 bill) |
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Term
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Definition
encompasses multicellular eukaryotic life
divided into 3 eras:
1. paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic
boundaries between geological divisions correspond to extinction events |
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Term
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Definition
the oldest known fossils, 3.5 billion
earth's sole inhabitants from 3.5 to 2.1 billion years |
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Term
| where does most atmospheric O2 come from? |
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Definition
biological origin, likely similar to modern cyanobacteria
produced by photosynthesis, reacted and dissolved with iron, and precipitated out |
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Term
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Definition
beginning about 2.7 billion years ago, O2 began accumulating in the atmosphere and rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks.
from 2.7 to 2.2 billion the O2 revolution posed a challenge for life, provided opportunity to gain energy from light, and allowed organisms to exploit new ecosystems. |
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Term
| oldest eukaryotic fossils |
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Definition
| 2.1 billion year old euk cell fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| proposition that the mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells. these prok probably gain entry as undigested prey or internal parasites and slowly became more interdependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids t |
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Term
| evidence of endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids? |
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Definition
1. similarities in inner membrane structures and functions
2. division is similar in these organelles and some proks
3. theses organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA
4. their ribosomes are more similar the proks than euks |
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Term
| what was the result of the evolution of euks? |
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Definition
| the evolution of euks lead to a greater range of unicellular forms, which resulted in multicellular forms. this gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, and animals |
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Term
| when did multicellular euks arise? |
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Definition
| 1.5 billion years ago, the oldest known fossil is of an algae 1.2 billion |
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Term
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Definition
| an hypothesis that suggests that 750 to 580 million years agoperiods of extreme glaciation confined life the the equator or deep see vents |
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Term
| first soft body organisms |
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Definition
| the ediancaran biota, more diverse than previous life forms. 565-535 million |
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Term
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Definition
a sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla. however, evidence suggests this started as early as 700 mill to 1 bill = "long fuse"
provides first evidence of predator-prey interactions
535-525 million |
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Term
| when did fungi, plants, and animals begin to colonize land? |
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Definition
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Term
| when did plants and fungi colonize land? |
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Definition
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Term
| when and how did tetrapods evolve? |
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Definition
| tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fish 365 million |
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Term
| what sort of animals first colonized land? |
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Definition
| mostly arthopods, but some tetrapods |
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Term
| when was earth a supercontinent? |
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Definition
1.1 billion
600 million
250 million |
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Term
| what were the effects of pangaea? |
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Definition
reduction in shallow water habitats
colder and drier climate inland
changes in climate as continents moved toward and away from the poles
changes in ocean circulation patterns leading to global cooling |
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Term
| what did continental drift result in? |
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Definition
allopatric speciation-- biogeology
ex- parrots are found in the southern hemisphere
pines and oaks are found in the northern
marsupials are found only in australia and south america |
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Term
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Definition
| an extinction in which more than 50% of earth's species become extinct |
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Term
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Definition
| 444, 359, 251, 200, 65 million |
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Term
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Definition
| 251 million. defines boundary between paleozoic and mexozoic eras, claimed about 96% of marine animal species as well as many insects. occurred in 500,000 or less years |
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Term
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Definition
| 200 million likely due to extreme episode of volcanism which warmed the climate by as much as 6 C due to increased CO2 levels leading to marine death and lower 02 levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| 65 million. marks boundary between mesozoic and cenozoic eras. likely caused by an asteroid because of widely found high iridium levels as well as the CHicxulub crater. wiped out half marine species and a huge amount of terrestrial families including dinosaurs |
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Term
| evidence for 6th mass extinction |
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Definition
| current extinction rate is 100-1,000 times the typical background rate |
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Term
| consequences of mass extinctions? |
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Definition
alter ecological communities and the niches available
can take 5 to 100 million years for diversity to recover
can pave way for adaptive radiation |
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Term
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Definition
the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities
very rapid adaptation and assumption of ecological roles |
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Term
| what happened after the cretaceous extinction? |
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Definition
| mammals underwent an adaptive radiation in which their diversity and size expanded. photosynthetic proks, larg cambrian predators, land plants, insects, and tetrapods also radiated. |
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Term
| where is an excellent modern showcase of adaptive radition? |
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Definition
| the hawaiian islands. these islands allowed for multiple diverse ecological opportunities to species of a common ancestor. these organisms were able to colonize these new environments with little competition resulting in vast diversity |
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Term
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Definition
an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events.
can have significant impact on body shape
can alter the timing of reproductive development relative to the development of nonreproductive organs
ex- contrasting shape of human and chimpanzee skulls is a result of small changes in relative growth rates |
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Term
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Definition
rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development.
sexually mature species may retain body features that were juvenile structures in an ancestral species |
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Term
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Definition
genes that control the placement and organization of body parts.
ex- where wings and legs will develop on a bird |
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Term
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Definition
a class of homeotic genes that provide positional information during development. if they are expressed in the wrong location, body parts can end up somewhere they're not supposed to be.
ex- a swimming appendage can be produced instead of a feeding appendage. |
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Term
| examples of hox alterations evolution |
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Definition
| the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| program the developmental control of rate, timing, and spatial patter of changes in an organism's form as it develops into an adult |
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Term
| what happens when developmental genes change? |
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Definition
| new morphological forms can arise when there are changes in developmental genes. these changes may have played a role in the mysterious cambrian explosion |
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Term
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Definition
changes in gene regulation, especially over developmental genes, is likely the more frequent cause of change of form in an organism.
ex- spiny fish in freshwater have fewer spines than salt water, but same gene sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function |
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Term
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Definition
| a common technique of dating based on the decay of radioactive isotopes |
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